Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Formulated detergents are multi-component cleaning agents that take advantage of several different cleaning mechanisms and provide a broad spectrum of effectiveness. A formulated alkaline detergent might prove effective for improved wetting and soil penetration, emulsification and chelation of calcium, iron oxide or other inorganic ions and may facilitate the dispersion of particulates. Detergents used in cleaning procedures can be amphoteric, cationic or nonionic. Depending upon the pH, amphoteric surfactants may be either anionic or cationic and they are very compatible with builders, acids and alkalis that are used in detergents. However, anionic surfactants are highly sudsing, and excess foaming is undesirable for surface cleaning. Furthermore, excess foam leaves a residue that produces a tacky surface which will cause a likely re-soiling problem. Cationic surfactants are not typically used alone as cleaning agents. Non-ionic surfactants in detergents are particularly effective for removing oily soil residues and many are low sudsing.
Industrial Uses Of Phosphonates
Richard L. Hilderbrand in The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
The triphosphonates are efficient in treatment of solutions containing Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, or Cu. The ethane triphosphonates are 3 to 4 times as efficient as sodium tripolyphosphate and can be used in photography to avoid sludges and turbidity in developing and fixing solutions. They are also used in industrial cleaning and in textile finishing. As builders in detergents, the tripolyphosphonates are stable against deterioration during storage and use. Detergents containing them perform equally well with tapwater at room temperature or in water heated to 140 to 160°F or higher. These are useful in granular or liquid form.42–43 Alkylenedi-phosphonate detergent builders such as tetra-sodium methylenediphosphonate are reported to be equal to and in some cases, better in hot water than sodium tripolyphosphate, a widely used builder.44 Hexasodium diaminotris(methylenephosphonate) is useful in compositions for making textile nonyellowing detergents.45
Detection of Food Allergen Residues by Immunoassays and Mass Spectrometry
Andreas L. Lopata in Food Allergy, 2017
Such non-specific binding can be detrimental to assay specificity and sensitivity (Gibbs and Kennebunk 2001b). An ideal blocking buffer is able to saturate unoccupied binding sites, to minimise background colour without altering antibody binding sites and to stabilise the immobilized protein by sterical support (Esser 1991). Proteins are effective blockers. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), non-fat dry milk, casein and fish gelatine are frequently used in ELISA. It is also a common practice that protein blockers are added to diluents of assay reactants to further reduce non-specific binding and stabilise assay reactants after surface binding (Huber et al. 2009). Apart from protein blockers, non-ionic detergents such as Tween 20 are able to hinder the irrelevant substances from absorbing onto the surface. If they are used as sole blocking reagents, they are should be added to all assay buffers (Gardas and Lewartowska 1988). Though detergents are inexpensive, easily stored and extremely stable, they may disrupt hydrophobic interactions and the residue after washing can interfere with enzymatic activity (Gibbs and Kennebunk 2001b).
Characterisation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in sea turtle Chelonia mydas
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Vera Helena V. Dias, Jacó J. Mattos, Camila L. V. Bastolla, Karim H. Lüchmann, Afonso C. D. Bainy
The luminal location of the UGT active site requires the use of membrane-disrupting agents to avoid underestimation of glucuronidation rates. Alamethicin and Brij®58 increased the UGT activity, while Triton™ X-100 did not change the enzyme activity. Alamethicin supports UGT activity in a wide range of concentrations without inhibiting the enzyme activity (Al-Zoughool and Talaska 2006; Ladd et al. 2016). However, the use of detergents must be restricted to a narrow range of concentrations since high concentrations can result in the inhibition of enzymes (Lett et al. 1992; Alkharfy and Frye 2001). In the present study, a trend in the inhibitory effect was observed at the highest Triton™ X-100 amounts tested. Hence, Triton™ X-100 should not be used at amounts >1 mg/mg of protein in green turtle UGT assays.
Potential of Autologous Progenitor Cells and Decellularized Porcine Artery Matrix in Construction of Tissue-engineered Vascular Grafts
Published in Organogenesis, 2021
Jieh-Neng Wang, Chung-Dann Kan, Shao-Hsien Lin, Ko-Chi Chang, Stephanie Tsao, Tak-Wah Wong
An ideal TEVG with optimal mechanical strength and vascular function requires 3 basic paradigms: 1) a scaffold with well-preserved ECM; 2) incorporation with pluripotential cells that can differentiate into endothelium, muscle, nerves, and ECM; 3) coordinated signals orchestrate between cells and tissue. Different methods including chemical, enzymatic, hyper- or hypo-tonic solutions, freeze-thaw, and supercritical CO2 have been used to decellularize blood vessels.10 Detergents are widely used because they are highly effective to remove cellular components of a vessel. However, all decellularized methods may result in some degree of ECMs and structural disruption, which may affect their mechanical and biological functions.10 We used a simple and inexpensive SDS gradient method by exposing the vessel to 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% SDS for 24 hours, and then 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature. With this protocol, nearly all cellular components in the vessel can be removed and ECMs can be preserved, as demonstrated in H & E and trichrome stains. Inspection with a scanning electron microscope of the ultrastructure may further confirm the results in future studies.
Topical preservative-free ophthalmic treatments: an unmet clinical need
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Michele Figus, Luca Agnifili, Manuela Lanzini, Lorenza Brescia, Francesco Sartini, Leonardo Mastropasqua, Chiara Posarelli
Generally, most of the preservatives may have significant toxic side effects, as reported in experimental and clinical studies, especially on the ocular surface components [12–16]. Three causative toxic mechanisms have been described: i) a detergent effect on tear film that alters the external lipid layer; ii) a direct toxic effect on corneal and conjunctival epithelia; and iii) an immune-allergic effect [8,17]. In particular, detergents preservatives have a cumulative toxic effect, becoming more severe, with more concentrated and frequent exposures [10]. Thus, histologically, preservatives can cause tear film instability, goblet cell loss, conjunctival squamous metaplasia, and apoptosis, alteration of the corneal epithelium barrier [18–20]. Endothelial cell loss has also been reported if preservative accidentally penetrates the anterior chamber [21]. For the same reason, preservatives can induce a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the immediate postoperative period after cataract [22,23]. Finally, by triggering crucial conjunctival elements involved in the bleb-wall filtration ability after trabeculectomy, preservatives, especially BAK, have been reported also to increase the rate of glaucoma filtration surgery failure [24].
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