Ambient Air Pollution and Health Effects in Shanghai
Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen in Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Industrial and non-industrial sources (e.g., domestic heating) accounted for 61.4% and 38.6% of the SO2 emission in 2015, respectively. The SO2 emission fluctuated between 1995 and 2006, with the annual total emission ranging from 403,000 tons to 534,000 tons. The emission decreased rapidly from 498,000 tons in 2007 to 171,000 tons in 2015 (Figure 32.7). While the trend of the industrial SO2 emission matched closely with the total emission, the non-industrial SO2 emission showed more fluctuation; the annual emission was between 72,000 and 173,000 tons from 1996 to 2010 and then remained at a relatively low level, between 30,000 and 66,000 tons, from 2011 to 2015. The overall decreasing trend of SO2 emission indicates that the effect of the major growth factor of SO2 emission, coal consumption, was suppressed by the two SO2 reduction factors, reducing high-sulfur coal consumption and more efficient desulfurization in emission control (Yang, X. et al. 2016).
Gas Phase Sequence Analysis of Proteins/Peptides
Ajit S. Bhown in Protein/Peptide Sequence Analysis: Current Methodologies, 1988
Once coupling has occurred, the PTC-protein is susceptible to desulfurization. Replacement of sulfur with oxygen inhibits cyclization and cleavage, reducing yields. For this reason, all solvents and reagents are kept under argon and should be argon purged whenever refilled.
Foxo3a-Mediated DNMT3B Impedes Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration Capacities through Suppressing PTEN Promoter Methylation
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Hongying Li, Yuqin Yuan, Hong Dong, Tinghui Wang, Dunlan Zhang, Limin Zhou, Lu Chen, Xueyan He
The methylated condition of the PTEN promoter was examined by MS-PCR. In detail, the genomic DNA was extracted under the requirements of the Genomic DNA extraction kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH CO., LTD., Beijing, China). The DNA concentration and purity were tested by UV spectrophotometry. The methylation level of the PTEN promoter region was evaluated using the DNA Methylation-GoldTM kit (D5005, Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA), with the methylated and nonmethylated primers for PTEN genes as described in Supplementary Table 2. gDNA (1 µg) was taken for bisulfite modification and kept at −80 °C for no more than 1 month. Using the reaction column for desulfurization and purification, the purified DNA was utilized for the next PCR reaction. The reaction products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and the image analysis was performed with gel electrophoresis imaging and an image analysis system. Only the methylated primers could amplify the target band if the CpG island in the promoter region of the PTEN gene was fully methylated; only the unmethylated primers could amplify the target band if completely unmethylated; both primer pairs could amplify the target bands if partially methylate. Partial methylation was assigned to the methylation category [15].
Immunotoxicity studies of sulfolane following developmental exposure in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats and adult exposure in B6C3F1/N mice
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
AtLee T. D. Watson, Victor J. Johnson, Michael I. Luster, Gary R. Burleson, Dawn M. Fallacara, Barney R. Sparrow, Mark F. Cesta, Michelle C. Cora, Keith R. Shockley, Matt D. Stout, Chad R. Blystone, Dori R. Germolec
Sulfolane (2,3,5-tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide; tetramethylene sulfone) is a high production volume chemical used in liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor extraction of chemicals from petroleum, in fractionalization of wood tars, and as a desulfurization agent in the purification of natural gas. Release of sulfolane into the environment can result in contamination of groundwater and well water in neighboring communities, as evidenced in the city of North Pole, AK where sulfolane has been detected at levels up to 500 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water (ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation) 2012). Therefore, in addition to potential occupational exposure through inhalation and/or dermal routes, residents may potentially receive exposure to sulfolane through ingestion of drinking water and certain foods in these affected communities.
Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residential use: a review of its toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Juan Pablo Martínez-Mercado, Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García, Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
The only available information about temephos metabolism in humans is that reported by Reyes-Chaparro et al. (2020), who proposed a metabolic pathway of temephos by in silico data. The authors reported the possible reactions for both phase I and phase II metabolism that included the formation of 19 intermediate metabolites, among which are oxons and dioxons, which could cause toxic effects in mammals. The three essential phase I reactions are S-oxidation, oxidative desulfurization, and dephosphorylation or hydrolysis, similar to those described in rat metabolism (Verdín-Betancourt et al. 2021). In addition, they also proposed that the main CYP isoforms involved in temephos biotransformation are CYP2B6, 2C9, and 2C19, while CYP3A4 and 2D6 have a lesser contribution. Dephosphorylation seems to be the most likely reaction, allowing for glucuronidation and further excretion of phase II metabolites (Reyes-Chaparro et al. 2020). Blinn (1969) reported that the conjugates present in the urine of rats treated with temephos were glucuronide and sulfate esters of oxidized thiophenolic metabolites. Additional studies are necessary to determine the human metabolism of temephos and the enzymes involved, which may contribute to understanding its toxicity.
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