Miscellaneous Applications
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
The list of explosive compounds has more than 100 items including some improvised primary explosives like acetone peroxide, diazodinitrophenol (ddnp/dinol), double salts, hmtd, leadazide, lead picrate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKAP), mercury fulminate, “milk booster”, nitromannite, sodium azide and some others. Instruction on how to prepare them can be found in the open literature and on the internet. However, the most often used explosives are: Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), Cyclotrimetilentrinitramin (RDX), Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl), Tetrytol and Hexatol. TNT, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as amatol, pentolite, tetrytol, hexatol, torpex, tritonal, picratol, ednatol and composition B. It has been used under such names as Triton, Trotyl, Trilite, Trinol and Tritolo. In a refined form, TNT is one of the most stable of high explosives and can be stored over long periods of time. It is relatively insensitive to blows or friction. TNT is used in pressed and cast form. Pressed TNT can be used as a booster or as a bursting charge for high-explosive shells and bombs. PETN is one of the strongest known high explosives. It has also been used under such names as Pentrit, Nitropenta, Niperyt and TEN. It is more sensitive to shock or friction than TNT or tetryl, thus it is never used alone as a booster. It is primarily used in booster and bursting charges of small-caliber ammunition, in upper charges of detonators in some land mines and shells, in shaped charges, and as the explosive core of primacord. It is also used as an explosive compound in plastic explosives (PEP).
Status epilepticus after C-4 ingestion: using liquid chromatography to quantify toxicity
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Robert Garcia, Amir Karimian, Chase Donaldson, Kerry Preston, Shawna Scully
C-4 is a commonly used military explosive comprised of the explosive compound cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, or Research Department Explosive (RDX), along with stabilizing rubbers. Its composition is 91% RDX, 5.3% dioctyl sebacate or dioctyl adipate, 2.1% polyisobutylene, and 1.6% mineral oil. Oral ingestion of C-4 is documented among some service members, and it has been known to elicit a euphoria similar to alcohol [1,2]. As this practice grew in popularity during the Vietnam War, military medical providers began to see the increasingly toxic effects of the RDX component of C-4: nausea, renal injury, and convulsions [3–5]. Since then, cases of C-4 poisoning have decreased in frequency with no reports published since 2009. However, some soldiers in explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) units in the US Army still acknowledge its consumption as a rite of passage. Here, we present a case of status epilepticus after consumption of C-4 with seizures persisting for two days and correlate the clinical course with serum concentrations.
Exposure to impulse noise at an explosives company: a case study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Aleksandra Kulik, Jolanta Malinowska-Borowska
One of a few Polish and international studies analyzing the levels of noise generated during detonation of explosives was conducted by Młyński et al. [19]. These authors determined a number of parameters characterizing impulse noise generated during detonations and explosions. The analyzed explosives included trinitrotoluene (TNT), ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) and hexogen (RDX). Mean values of LCpeak ranged between 130 and 137 dB, and thus were lower than those documented in our study in the blasting testing area. Also, LAmax values were lower, ranging between 100 and 105 dB. These discrepancies likely result from variable chemical composition and weight of the used explosives. Młyński et al. [19] determined the levels of sound at an outdoor measurement point 150 m from the TNT detonation site and in the blast bunker 15 m from the RDX and ANFO detonation sites. Moreover, the load of the latter two explosives (400 g) was markedly lower than the 1-kg dynamite load used in our study.
The sp3/sp2 carbon ratio as a modulator of in vivo and in vitro toxicity of the chemically purified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond via the reactive oxygen species generation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Dong-Keun Lee, Sangwook Ha, Soyeon Jeon, Jiyoung Jeong, Dong-Jae Kim, Seung Whan Lee, Wan-Seob Cho
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest due to their unique structural, chemical, biological, mechanical, and optical properties (Mochalin et al. 2011). In recent studies, ND particles have been of particular interest in the biomedical field for use in imaging, diagnostics, and drug or gene delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility and ease of surface modification (Mochalin et al. 2011; Schrand, Hens, and Shenderova 2009). There are various synthesis methods of NDs including detonation (Volkov, Danilenko, and Elin 1990), micro-plasma-assisted technique (Kumar et al. 2013), and laser ablation (Yang, Wang, and Liu 1998). On the commercial scale, NDs are more commonly produced using trinitrotoluene (TNT) and/or hexogen (RDX), called detonation-synthesized nanodiamonds (DNDs) (Ho 2010). As-synthesized DND soot usually consists of a diamond core of 2–10 nm diameter and an outer layer covered by sp2 (graphitic/amorphous) carbon (Mochalin et al. 2011). Therefore, DND soot essentially requires a purification process before their applications.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ammonium Nitrate
- Calcium Stearate
- Organic Compound
- Paraffin Wax
- Stearic Acid
- Hmx
- Dioctyl Sebacate
- Polyisobutene
- Wax
- Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate