Ecology
Paul Pumpens in Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
At the very beginning of the RNA phage era, it appeared that the phages MS2 and f2 were sensitive to contact with an aluminum alloy surface or when they were diluted with fluids that had been in contact with aluminum, zinc, or magnesium (Yamamoto et al. 1964). The inactivation was believed to result from the simultaneous action of traces of Cu2+ and electrolytically formed H2O2 and were stimulated by addition of both, although neither alone was fully active when present in trace amounts, while the phages were protected by adding either catalase or EDTA (Yamamoto et al. 1964). A very low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.00015%) in the presence of 10 μM CuSO4 inactivated the RNA phage MS2 (Yamamoto 1969). Incubation of the phage Qβ with a mixture of 100 mM ribose and 10 μM CuSO4 resulted in a complete loss of viable phage after 20 min (Carubelli et al. 1995). The synergistic effect of cupric chloride with monochloramine was demonstrated by the MS2 inactivation (Straub et al. 1995). The phage MS2 was 10 times more sensitive than poliovirus to inactivation by electrolytically generated copper and silver ions, separately and in combination with free chlorine (Yahya et al. 1992).
Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Copper Complexes
Robert A. Greenwald in CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
In our initial attempts to synthesize cupric complexes, we routinely use cupric chloride because chloride ion does not compete well with biologically relevant ligands for copper. A half equivalent of copper is used if we anticipate that the monoanionic ligand will give a complex composed of two ligand molecules and one copper atom, or one equivalent if we anticipate a 1:1 complex. We have also found it convenient to dissolve the copper chloride in a volume of deionized-distilled water equal to the volume used to prepare the solution of ligand. This solution is also filtered through a nitric-acid-washed sintered glass filter funnel to remove particulate matter.
Designing Smart Nanotherapeutics
Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang in Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Gadolinium (III)-complex-grafted lead sulphide (GCGLS) nanoparticles were examined for CT and magnetic resonance dual-modality-imaging-guided PTT (Zou et al. 2018). The schematic representation of synthesis and theranostic functions (PTT, MRI, and CT) of GCGLS nanoparticles is displayed in Figure 6.9. At first, 3-chloropropionic acid (CPA) modified lead sulphide (PbS) was synthesized using the precursors such as lead acetate, 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium sulphide, CPA, and water under N2 atmosphere. The obtained product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water. Then, CPA-PbS and Gd(AA)3Phen were dispersed in polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate (PEGMA) monomer under N2 atmosphere. This mixture was further reacted with copper chloride (CuCl), bipyridine (Bpy), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were injected into mice to detect and treat the tumour sites. PbS was responsible for the CT and the Gd complex was accountable for the MR imaging. GCGLS nanoparticles showed high stability and biocompatibility in vitro/vivo. The stability and dispersibility of GCGLS nanoparticles were influenced by the concentration of Gd complex. The cytotoxicity of GCGLS nanoparticles was evaluated using MTT assay in B16 cells. After 24 hours of incubation, the cell viability is up to 80%. However, the nanoparticles showed slight cytotoxicity at high concentrations during 48 hours of incubation. The photo-thermal effect was also tested after 24 hours of incubation. Under light irradiation, approximately 80% of the B16 cells were killed by 40 µg/mL of GCGLS nanoparticles. In contrast, the cytotoxicity is negligible under normal conditions (without light irradiation).
The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with SP94 modified asymmetrical bilayer lipid-encapsulated Cu(DDC)2 nanoparticles facilitating Cu accumulation in the tumor
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Hao Liu, Yihan Kong, Xue Liang, Zixu Liu, Xueting Guo, Bing Yang, Tian Yin, Haibing He, Jingxin Gou, Yu Zhang, Xing Tang
Tianjin Bodi Chemical Co., Ltd. provided Copper chloride (CuCl2 · 2H2O). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC-Na), Polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether (Lgepal CO 520) and Bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate were offered by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, UK. Cyclohexane was purchased from Tianjin Concord Technology Co. Ltd. N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N,-trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (DOTAP), Cholesterol and1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) were obtained from Shanghai Avanti Pharmaceutical company. 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium salt (DOPA) was obtained from Shanghai Dongshang Medical Technology Co., Ltd. DSPE-PEG2000-SP94 was purchased from Shanghai Chutai Biotechnology Co. Ltd. MCF-7 and HepG2 cells were kindly offered by the Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. In addition, Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co, Ltd offered 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), penicillin/streptomycin, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), the fetal bovine serum (FBS). Shanghai Biyuntian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. provided Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit.
Comparative evaluation of hesperetin loaded nanoparticles for anticancer activity against C6 glioma cancer cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Melike Ersoz, Aysegul Erdemir, Dilek Duranoglu, Deniz Uzunoglu, Tulin Arasoglu, Serap Derman, Banu Mansuroglu
Intracellular SOD enzyme activity was calculated based on a spectrophotometric method described by Mccord JM and Fridovich with minor modifications [32]. In this method, xanthine-xanthine oxidase is used to generate superoxide radicals (O2•−) and O2•− production is measured by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to a blue formazan which is an indicator for reaction. Xanthine, nitro-blue tetrazolium, sodium carbonate, BSA, EDTA and XO enzyme was used to prepare reaction mixture, then 490 µL of mixture was added to 100 µL of cell lysates then incubated. Reaction was terminated by addition of 0.2 mL of 0.8 mmol cupric chloride to the mixture. Absorbance of produced formazan was measured at 560 nm by using a blank containing all the reagents except the cell lysate. SOD activity was also expressed as units per milligram protein.
In vitro intestinal toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in rat and human cell models
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Taylor E. Henson, Jana Navratilova, Alan H. Tennant, Karen D. Bradham, Kim R. Rogers, Michael F. Hughes
CuO nanopowder [diameter <50 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); surface area, 29 m2/g; information from manufacturer] was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Lot. No MKBJ4678V, St. Louis, MO). NanoXact cuprous (I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticle colloids (diameter, 48 ± 7 nm by TEM; hydrodynamic diameter, 266 nm; surface area, 20 m2/g; information from manufacturer) in water (1 mg/mL) and coated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were purchased from nanoComposix (Lot No. HXJ01358, San Diego, CA). PVP used as an NP capping agent can minimize particle aggregation. Triton X-100, cuprous sulfate pentahydrate, and t-butyl hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Cupric chloride was from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Catalysis
- Chloride
- Copper
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
- Inorganic Compound
- Molecular Orbital
- Chemical Formula
- Octahedral Molecular Geometry
- Jahn–Teller Effect
- Coordination Complex