Mitogenic Substances of Bupleuri Radix
Sheng-Li Pan in Bupleurum Species, 2006
Known examples of the immunomodulating activity of the lignin-like macromolecule originating from natural sources include the pinecone lignin and the shiitake mushroom LEM (Kurakata et al., 1990; Bolwell et al., 1995; Wojtaszek 1997). Sakagami et al. systematically analyzed the antimicrobial and pharmacological actions of synthetic lignin (Sakagami et al., 1995, 1998, 1999; Fukuchi et al., 1989; Kurakata et al., 1989, 1990; Abe et al., 1989; Kikuchi et al., 1991). Bupleuri radix mitogen is expected to belong to the same category. However, the crude drug contains various polyphenols, and their quality as well as quantity varies widely from one crude drug to another. There is no doubt that the microstructure of the product of enzymatic synthesis depends strongly on the type of polyphenol present at the time of synthesis of the lignin-like substance. The structure and activity of the lignin-like macromolecule of individual crude drugs should be studied further. In this study, we were able to confirm the mitogenic activity of the synthesized lignin on B cells; however, macrophage activation was not reproduced. This may be explained by the difference in the precursor involved in enzymatic synthesis, and the heat treatment procedure.
Ayurveda
Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee in Natural Medicines, 2019
Medicinal plants can be identified by DNA-based authentication as a tool for quality control and safety monitoring of herbal pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals and will significantly add to the medical potential and commercial profitability of herbal products. A genetic marker may be defined as gene or a nucleotide sequence on a chromosome that has the potential to differentiate cells, individuals or species. The DNA sequences are very precise; they can be recognised with the help of the identified molecular markers, which can find out a particular sequence of DNA from a group of unknown. The prime cause of the problems associated with the standardisation of medicinal plants is due to the complex composition of drugs used in the form of whole plants, plant parts or extracts obtained therefrom. Therefore, a principal stride is to ensure reproducibility and negligible batch-to-batch variation in an anticipated quality of any herbal remedy, and side-by-side initiating steps towards use of authentic starting material. Many researchers have examined a number of market samples of crude drugs used in Indian systems of medicine and observed that the prevalence of adulteration is such that quite unrelated plants are being sold in the crude drug markets in place of genuine ones (Hussain et al. 2015). DNA markers that fill the maximum gap in solving the problem of identification, off-course is a boom to the molecular biology, but is dependent over two other markers because one cannot find the efficiency of an authentic drug without chemical analysis. In future, DNA markers can be used to build a reference library of AM (such as DNA sequences and fingerprints), in order to get rid of adulterants and spurious materials that have ruined AM (Li et al. 2015).
Pharmacognostic Studies on Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
Historically, plants have yielded some of our most important drugs (Heinrich et al. 2012), but many of them are used without standardization, which in turn leads to adulteration. Substitute or counterfeit herbal materials often found in the market is a major problem in the herbal industry. Standardization of a crude drug is essential to avoid and identify the adulterants or substituents (Kumar et al. 2012). Standardization is performed by stepwise pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies.
Evaluation and characteristics of immunological adjuvant activity of purified fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2019
Binnian Zhu, Tianyu He, Xiangyun Gao, Minghua Shi, Hongxiang Sun
Cortex Albiziae was purchased from Zhejiang Jingyue Tang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China, and identified as the dry stem bark of A. julibrissin Durazz.. The dried crude drug was powdered and then extracted with 70% ethanol three times under reflux. After filtration, excess solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The ethanol extract was separated on D101 macroreticular resin column washing with water and 30% ethanol, and then eluting with 75% ethanol as elution reagents to afford fraction AJSFE. AJSFE was further subjected to D941 weak-base exchange resin and eluted with 70% ethanol to give fraction AJSAF. The saponin contents were determined by the spectrophotometric method using oleanolic acid as a standard control and vanillin–perchloric acid as color developing reagent. An aliquot of AJSAF was dissolved in 50% (v/v) methanol solution. The solution was filtered using a 0.45 μm Millipore filter for HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis was executed on the Water 600E HPLC instrument using a Diamond C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and Waters 2996 DAD. The mobile phase consisted of CH3CN (A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid (B). A linear gradient elution was conducted as follows: 0–10 min at 10–15% A; 10–20 min at 15–18% A; 20–45 min at 18–19% A; 45–50 min at 19–23 % A, 50–80 min at 23–26% A; 80–90 min, at 26–10% A. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl. AJSAF solution of 2 mg/ml by dissolved in PBS was sterilized by a 0.22 μm millipore filter. The endotoxin levels were analyzed by tachypleus amebocyte lysate assay.
A comparative study of consistency between Paeonia rubra hort traditional decoction and dispensing granule decoctions from different sources
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Lijie Ma, Huijie Zhang, Manwen Xu, Wenhao Feng, Junhan Shi, Yanli Wang, Lu Zhang, Xinjing Gui, Qingxiao Wang, Haibo Wang, Jing Yao, Ruixin Liu
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180 ± 20 g) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China, license number: SCXK (jing) 2016-0006). After adaptive feeding (where rats were allowed free access to food and water) for one week, they were randomly divided into the TD I group, TD II group, TD III group, DGDA group, DGDB group, and DGDC group (n = 6) (The total content of TDI/TDII/TDIII components in the TD medium, low, and high levels in TD, respectively. DGDA/DGDB/DGDC have randomly selected samples from manufacturers A, B, and C. The TDI, TDII, TDIII, DGDA, DGDB, and DGDC samples were S5, S10, S16, DGDA1, DGDB3, and DGDC1, respectively). Oral administration was set at the equivalent of 6.30 g kg−1 crude drug. All animals fasted for 12 h before the last dose but had free access to water. All animal studies were performed in accordance with the provisions and general recommendations of the legislation of the China Laboratory Animal Administration and approved by the Experimental Center of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (license number: SYXK (Yu) 2020-0004).
Investigation of the mechanisms of Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity by a cell metabolomics strategy combined with serum pharmacology in HL-7702 liver cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Zhipeng Wang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Quanli Liu, Linjia Sun, Mingming Lv, Peipei Yu, Xiaohui Chen
Serum pharmacology, in which drug or drug compound are given to animals orally, and blood is collected to separate serum after definite time and then the drug serum is used for experimental study in vitro, which has proven to be effective in pharmacological research on traditional Chinese medicine (Sun et al., 2007). It could be inferred that the compositions of most Chinese traditional medicine do not work until they undergo a series of biotransformation after digest and absorption in gastrointestinal tract (Cao et al., 2013). As a Chinese traditional medicine, the compositions of GF are complex and the detailed process of metabolism cannot be learned clearly. Besides, there is usually such a situation that drug metabolite might have stronger toxicity than crude drug, which suggests that drug metabolite might also participate in the process of toxicity. Thus, the traditional pharmacology in which crude drugs are directly added into the culture system of cells in vitro seems unscientific and undesirable in this experimental study. Compared with traditional pharmacology, serum pharmacology has the advantages of good authenticity, huge rationality and wide range of applications. It might be explained that serum pharmacology gets over the interferes of crude drugs physical and chemical character on experiment results, builds similar environment where drugs work in vivo and sets up the bridge of experiment in vitro and experiment in vivo for Chinese traditional medicine pharmacology study (Bochu et al., 2005). Therefore, serum pharmacology was adopted to study the hepatotoxicity induced by GF in this study.
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