Radionuclide-based Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer
Michael Ljungberg in Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Copper is an essential trace element and elevated levels of copper have been found in a wide range of tumour tissues, that is, PCa. Various transporters and binding proteins are found to be responsible for copper uptake in the cells. The human copper transporter 1 (hCTR1) is the main copper transporter into cells. 64Cu is described as a “theranostic” radioisotope, as it is potentially useful in PET/CT imaging and in radionuclide therapy. Copper in the form of copper chloride salt (64CuCl2) was proposed as a diagnostic agent to detect PCa using PET. Righi and colleagues and Piccardo and colleagues [13, 72] both used 64CuCl2 to detect PCa recurrence in 50 patients with biochemical relapse, after prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy. This represented a potential advantage over 18F-choline. One limitation of using 64CuCl2 stems from the low abundance of positron decay of 64Cu (18%). This accordingly means that the imaging time should be extended in order to achieve good image contrast.
Designing Smart Nanotherapeutics
Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang in Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Gadolinium (III)-complex-grafted lead sulphide (GCGLS) nanoparticles were examined for CT and magnetic resonance dual-modality-imaging-guided PTT (Zou et al. 2018). The schematic representation of synthesis and theranostic functions (PTT, MRI, and CT) of GCGLS nanoparticles is displayed in Figure 6.9. At first, 3-chloropropionic acid (CPA) modified lead sulphide (PbS) was synthesized using the precursors such as lead acetate, 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium sulphide, CPA, and water under N2 atmosphere. The obtained product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water. Then, CPA-PbS and Gd(AA)3Phen were dispersed in polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate (PEGMA) monomer under N2 atmosphere. This mixture was further reacted with copper chloride (CuCl), bipyridine (Bpy), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were injected into mice to detect and treat the tumour sites. PbS was responsible for the CT and the Gd complex was accountable for the MR imaging. GCGLS nanoparticles showed high stability and biocompatibility in vitro/vivo. The stability and dispersibility of GCGLS nanoparticles were influenced by the concentration of Gd complex. The cytotoxicity of GCGLS nanoparticles was evaluated using MTT assay in B16 cells. After 24 hours of incubation, the cell viability is up to 80%. However, the nanoparticles showed slight cytotoxicity at high concentrations during 48 hours of incubation. The photo-thermal effect was also tested after 24 hours of incubation. Under light irradiation, approximately 80% of the B16 cells were killed by 40 µg/mL of GCGLS nanoparticles. In contrast, the cytotoxicity is negligible under normal conditions (without light irradiation).
Structural Investigation of Bio-Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Using Honey
Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
In optimal conditions, the reduction of copper chloride is visually seen by color change from blue to yellowish green and finally to colloidal green (Fig. 11.2). The color of colloidal copper was due to Plasmon absorbance [34]. However, such color changes might also occur due to the variation in the nature, dimension, and morphology of the metal nanoparticles [35].
The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with SP94 modified asymmetrical bilayer lipid-encapsulated Cu(DDC)2 nanoparticles facilitating Cu accumulation in the tumor
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Hao Liu, Yihan Kong, Xue Liang, Zixu Liu, Xueting Guo, Bing Yang, Tian Yin, Haibing He, Jingxin Gou, Yu Zhang, Xing Tang
Tianjin Bodi Chemical Co., Ltd. provided Copper chloride (CuCl2 · 2H2O). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC-Na), Polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether (Lgepal CO 520) and Bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate were offered by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, UK. Cyclohexane was purchased from Tianjin Concord Technology Co. Ltd. N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N,-trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (DOTAP), Cholesterol and1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) were obtained from Shanghai Avanti Pharmaceutical company. 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium salt (DOPA) was obtained from Shanghai Dongshang Medical Technology Co., Ltd. DSPE-PEG2000-SP94 was purchased from Shanghai Chutai Biotechnology Co. Ltd. MCF-7 and HepG2 cells were kindly offered by the Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. In addition, Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co, Ltd offered 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), penicillin/streptomycin, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), the fetal bovine serum (FBS). Shanghai Biyuntian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. provided Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit.
Impediment to growth and yeast-to-hyphae transition in Candida albicans by copper oxide nanoparticles
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Alwar Ramanujam Padmavathi, Sriyutha Murthy P., Arindam Das, Arumugam Priya, T. J. Sushmitha, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Subba Rao Toleti
Cupric (Cu++) oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP) were synthesized by the wet chemical precipitation route. Various methods have been used to synthesize CuO nanoparticles with varying morphologies and dimensions. The wet chemical precipitation route was followed in this study due to its simple procedure, reproducibility and effectiveness in preparing a large quantity of CuO nanoparticles with controlled shape (Ethiraj and Kang 2012; Zhang et al. 2014). Different compounds such as copper nitrate, copper chloride, copper acetate and copper sulphate have been reported to be precursors for CuO synthesis. In the present study CuO-NP was synthesized from copper acetate as derived below (Equations 1–3):
Assay in serum of exchangeable copper and total copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): development, optimisation and evaluation of a routine procedure
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2020
Richard Daymond, Sarah L. Curtis, Vinita Mishra, Norman B. Roberts
The recovery of copper (0.47 to 9.44 µmol/l in UPW) without and with EDTA (3 g/L) after ultrafiltration was 102 % (SD = 8.1%) and 103% (SD = 5.2 %) respectively Figure 2. The solutions of aqueous copper chloride spiked into pooled sera final concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 µmol/l gave much reduced recoveries for the ultrafiltered copper of 5, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8 and 0.8 % respectively. Spiked solutions of the copper standard added to pooled serum, range 0 to 9.44 µmol/L, gave variable over recovery for ExCu up to 289% Figure 3(A). This was probably related to the low pH 3.0 after addition of the standard with 1 % nitric acid and subsequent release of copper from caeruloplasmin. The effect of low pH on UFCu and ExCu was investigated using a serum pool (total copper = 22.7 µmol/L) with added nitric acid to give pH 3.0. The measured UFCu was 3.22 µmol/L and ExCu 11.22 µmol/L, using EDTA as the chelating agent, and 10.56 µmol/L with TEPA. The ExCu was 1.24 µmol/L in the non-acidified serum pool sample.
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