Influence of Dietary Supplements on Body Composition
Henry C. Lukaski in Body Composition, 2017
Sympathomimetic drugs including so called nutrient partitioning agents developed for meat production also found their way into human use, with athletes testing positive for clenbuterol use at various international competitions (Ricks et al. 1984; Rothwell and Stock 1985; Prather et al. 1995). In the push for new antiobesity drugs, beta-3 agonists have been considered. However, the paucity of beta-3 receptors and the role of brown adipose tissue in weight management in humans are still poorly understood and differ from the responses of another species (Weyer et al. 1999). This would presumably be more desirable than the beta-2 agonists which have significant chronotropic and other undesirable cardiovascular effects (Huckins and Lemons 2013). The beta-2 agonists are approved for human use in the United States in inhaled form because they provide significant benefits to asthmatics; these doses and formulations may not produce the body composition changes that have been anecdotally reported with higher doses in oral form used by body builders and athletes. There may even be antagonistic effects of exercise on the clenbuterol-stimulated increase in muscle mass (Kearns et al. 2001). In animal studies, the beta-2 agonists promote protein accretion primarily through suppression of protein degradation (Costelli et al. 1995), and also accelerate fat metabolism (Kearns et al. 2001). This suggests therapeutic potential at least in human applications for cancer cachexia and aging-related muscle wasting. Only anecdotal data exists for human body composition and physical performance effects.
Power and power endurance: the explosive sports
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Prior to examining the ergogenic effects of creatine monohydrate, a legal nutritional supplement, it is worth highlighting the case of clenbuterol which is associated with increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass. Clenbuterol is associated with anabolic steroids, because, in the past, athletes took it in place of steroids in the final weeks before competition to maintain the anabolic effects, but avoid the risks of a positive steroid test. It is also interesting to examine the case of clenbuterol, as it is one of the β2 adrenergic-agonists that can be used in the treatment of asthma, which is one of the focuses of Chapter 14.
Current Trends in Performance- and Image-Enhancing Substance Use Among Gym Goers, Exercisers, and Athletes
Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu in Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Clenbuterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Originally used to increase lean mass in livestock for human consumption (Kuiper, Noordam, van Dooren-Flipsen, Schilt, & Roos, 1998), it is well recognized within the gym-going community as being a potent fat burner and stimulant (Barry & Graham, 2013).
The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces the neuroinflammatory response, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis following intra-striatal IL-1β administration to rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2018
Éadaoin W. Griffin, Justin D. Yssel, Eoin O’Neill, Katie J. Ryan, Noreen Boyle, Peter Harper, Andrew Harkin, Thomas Connor
A dose of clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg) was used based on studies demonstrating that this dose has neuroprotective effects in a rat model of stroke19 and from previous studies in our laboratory where clenbuterol at doses up to 0.5 mg/kg were reported to have robust anti-inflammatory effects in the rat brain which we speculated may contribute to neuroprotective effects16,21,23,24. Maximal anti-inflammatory effects of clenbuterol are observed between 4- and 8-h post administration. Based on these experiments a single anti-inflammatory dose on the upper limb of the dose response curve was evaluated for neuroprotection in the current study. Clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered to rats one hour prior to intra-striatal microinjection of IL-1β (100 ng). Four-h post-injection rats were deeply anesthetized with a terminal injection of urethane. Heparinized blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for whole blood cell counts, leukocyte differentiation and plasma chemokine analysis. Tissue was perfused with ice-cold heparinized saline and the ipsilateral striatum and liver tissue were harvested for mRNA expression analysis. NFκB activity (P65 binding) was measured by ELISA in nuclear extracts prepared from the striatum. Twenty-four-hours postinjection of IL-1β, the remaining animals were transcardially perfused with heparinized saline and 4% PFA in preparation for immunohistochemical detection of neutrophils and apoptosis analysis.
Clenbuterol toxicity in a young male athlete
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Nik Žlak, Daniel Košuta, Maja Potisek, Živojin Stevanović
Clenbuterol is a long-acting (Daubert et al. 2007) β-1, β-2, and β-3 adrenergic agonist that has several pharmacologic actions (Grimmer et al. 2016) including the increase of protein deposition in skeletal and cardiac muscles as well as the increase of lipolysis, which is similar to the effect of anabolic steroids (Prather et al. 1995).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adrenaline
- Amine
- Asthma
- Bronchodilator
- Decongestant
- Hydrochloride
- Sympathomimetic Drug
- Salbutamol
- Salt
- Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist