Role of Transport in Chemically-Induced Nephrotoxicity *
Robin S. Goldstein in Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Citrinin, a secondary product of fungal metabolism, has been shown to be nephrotoxic in many species (Berndt and Hayes, 1977; Krogh et al., 1973; Krogh, 1976; Carlton et al., 1973, 1974; Jordan et al., 1977, 1978). The cellular mechanism by which citrinin acts is unknown. Recent unpublished data suggest, however, that a citrinin-glutathione (GSH) conjugate, or a breakdown product, may be the primary toxicant (Ansari et al., unpublished). In these studies renal membrane vesicles isolated from citrinin-treated rats showed reduced basolateral and brush border transport. However, if rats were treated with diethylmaleate (DEM) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to reduce tissue stores of GSH before administration of citrinin, the isolated membrane vesicles showed nearly normal transport capabilities. These data are consistent with earlier observations which demonstrated that citrinin is metabolized (Phillips et al., 1979) and that it depletes renal and hepatic GSH (Berndt et al., 1980). The renal and hepatic GSH depletion was less than 40%, considerably less than for other substances thought to act through GSH depletion, e.g., acetaminophen. In any event, the citrinin metabolite (or metabolites) was not identified in those earlier studies.
Aspergillus
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
The pentaketide-derived mycotoxin citrinin is structurally related to OTs. There are a number of citrinin-producing Aspergilli including members of section Terrei (A. alabamensis, A. allahabadii, A. carneus, A. flavipes, A. floccosus, A. niveus, and A. terreus) [54,55]. Certain Penicillium species including P. citrinum and other members of section Citrina [56], P. expansum, P. radicicola, and P. verrucosum, as well as Monascus species are also known producers of this nephrotoxic compound [52]. Citrinin is a common contaminant of grains, food, and feedstuffs (e.g., corn, oats, wheat, wheat bran, fruit juices) [57]. If ingested by animals and humans, citrinin can cause chronic diseases.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
C. Yan Cheng in Spermatogenesis, 2018
Citrinin is a mycotoxin that is often found in food. Citrinin (50 and 100 μM) inhibited hCG-stimulated testosterone production and downregulated StAR, CYP11A1, and 3β-HSD1 levels via inducing rat Leydig cell apoptosis.276
Mechanisms underlying citrinin-induced toxicity via oxidative stress and apoptosis-mediated by mitochondrial-dependent pathway in SH-SY5Y cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Mahmoud Abudayyak, Ecem Fatma Karaman, Sibel Ozden
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by mold species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, among others, and is a common contaminant in human foods like cereals, cheese, and sake. It has also been detected in red yeast rice, which is used as a food additive and in the production of wine in Asia (EFSA 2012). Various in vivo and in vitro studies have found CIT to have immunotoxic, reproductive toxic, embryocidal, and foetotoxic effects, causing enlarged kidneys in fetuses and the death of up to half of pregnant dams, reducing mouse oocyte maturation and retarding embryo development by disrupting cytoskeletal dynamics (Hood et al.1976, Gupta et al.1983, Lurá et al.2001, Chan and Shiao, 2007, Chan 2007, Singh et al.2006, 2007, Qingqing et al.2012, Wu et al.2013, 2017). Similar to ochratoxin A (OTA), CIT has been implicated in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy and nephrotoxicity (Braunberg et al.1994, EFSA 2012, 2020). CIT and OTA have a similar toxicity profile, which suggests that CIT may exert neurotoxic effects similar to those of OTA. Investigating the neurotoxicity of CIT is an important step in elucidating its toxic effects, which have yet to be fully understood.
Impact of red yeast rice supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Parisa Rahmani, Ebru Melekoglu, Sogand Tavakoli, Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Pejman Rohani, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
Our results showed that ≤12-week supplementation of red yeast rice is more effective than >12 weeks treatment. We also wish to stress that the majority of clinical trials had a short treatment period of around 4–12 weeks. The longest follow-up study in the studies selected for our meta-analysis was an average of 4.5 years, and the patients received red yeast rice supplementation of 1200 mg/day [44]. The authors [44] reported that red yeast rice supplementation induced significant reductions in TC (11.3%), LDL-C (21.2%), and TG levels (12.1%), and significant elevation in HDL-C (4.0%) in elderly patients with previous acute myocardial infarction and hypercholesterolemia. They also reported that the red yeast rice supplementation has a beneficial impact on major coronary events and mortalities with a good safety profile in the elderly population [44]. However, further studies with longer follow-up are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the administration of red yeast rice. One of the most important safety concerns about RYR is citrinin, which can be found as a contaminant in its composition. Citrinin is a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic metabolite produced during the fermentation of rice with yeast Monascus purpureus [56].
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Citrinin was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum before the Second World War. Recently, it was isolated from fungi Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus. It is responsible for nephropathy in pigs and other animals and the source mainly includes contaminated barley, oats, rye, corn, and wheat grain (Binder et al. 2007, Hamuel 2015). Citrinin has been reported in cereals and fruits including corn, rice, wheat, black olives, apple, spices, and sometimes in beer. The concentration of this mycotoxin was higher in processed and fermented rice being maximum in red fermented rice (44,240 µg/kg), which is a supplementary food in China (Silva et al. 2020).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cytotoxicity
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- Nephrotoxicity
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- Penicillium
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- Balkan Endemic Nephropathy