Choline *
Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky in Sports Nutrition, 2005
A number of clinical studies with choline supplementation have also been conducted because the breakdown of cellular membranes is characteristic of neuronal degeneration and choline is rate-limiting for phospholipid biosynthesis.24,77,84 The more recent human studies, which provide interesting results in the aged and diseased states, have used CDP-choline (citicoline) and Alpha-GPC as the delivery form of choline. Interestingly, citicoline has been approved in Europe and Japan for use in stroke, head trauma and other neurological disorders, and is being evaluated as a treatment for stroke in the United States.54 As would be expected, some, but not all, results are positive.29,54,84 In addition to its effect in stroke and ischemic brain injury, citicoline is being examined as a safe treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cognitive decline in the elderly, memory enhancement and glaucoma.29,54,84,85 Recent reviews29,54,84,85 present the multiple research efforts with citicoline. Although the results are mixed, the compound is of great interest because of the apparent limited toxicity and high bioavailability of citicoline.29,54 Clearly, more research is needed.
Citicoline treatment of amblyopia in elderly strabic children
Jan-Tjeerd de Faber in 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
Citicoline (Cytidine-5 diphosphocholine or CDP-choline) is a well known substance by the neurologists because it is commonly used to increase consciousness level in several brain disorders due to traumatic, vascular or degenerative causes. Citicoline has a dopaminergic action improving the availability of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and for this reason it is also used in Parkinson’s disease patients. (Manaka 1971) Many studies have demonstrated the usefulness of citicoline treatment in improving general vision ameliorating retinal and cortical responses in glaucoma patients. (Gottlob 1992,Parisi 1999)
Cognitive Impairment (Mild)
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
A six-month, multicenter observational study enrolled 197 stroke subjects (mean age, 81.5 years) with a progressive decline of their mental health and general confusion and/or stupor who were initially administered citi coline for 5 or 10 days (2,000 mg/day, by intravenous infusion) within a four-month period, and then for 21 days (1,000 mg/day by intramuscular injection), repeated once after a seven-day washout period.4 Citicoline treatment was found to be associated with higher scores on cognitive and functional evaluation scales when compared to baseline measurements.
Pharmacological management of cerebral ischemia in the elderly
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Adithya Kannan, Mychael Delgardo, William Pennington-FitzGerald, Enoch X. Jiang, Brandon R. Christophe, E Sander Connolly
Citicoline (cytidine-5ʹ-diphosphocholine) is an exogenous form of a phospholipid intermediate that has shown promise in diverse preclinical models as a treatment for AIS. Citicoline has been shown to protect the brain following ischemic stroke through several mechanisms including plasma membrane degeneration prevention and mitochondrial energy metabolism preservation [77]. However, clinical trials are less conclusive about its benefits. The ICTUS trial compared the effects of citicoline to placebo in a sample of 2298 AIS patients and showed a neutral effect of citicoline treatment on global recovery [78]. A subsequent meta-analysis of citicoline treatments for AIS suggested citicoline had a significant effect on functional outcomes in the subgroup of patients not treated with tPA [79]. Furthermore, a prespecified subgroup analysis of patients in the ICTUS trial showed a significant effect of citicoline on recovery in patients above the age of 70 [78,80]. While citicoline treatment has not been conclusively associated with significant improvement over the current standard of care in the US, its impact on elderly patients or patients who cannot be administered tPA warrants further study.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract may prevent the deterioration of spatial memory and the deficit of estimated total number of hippocampal pyramidal cells of trimethyltin-exposed rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Sapto Yuliani, Ginus Partadiredja
In summary, 200 mg/kg bw of turmeric extract administration on rats may prevent the TMT-induced deficits of spatial memory and partially hinder the deficits of pyramidal cells in the CA2–CA3 region. To some extent these effects seem to be comparable to those of citicoline. Further studies are therefore warranted to explore this extract potential to be developed as an alternative medicine for dementia. These may include stereological studies on the effects of turmeric extract on the dentate gyrus, where neurogenesis is still active during adulthood (Bedi 1991; Smart 1990), in TMT-exposed rats. Electrophysiological studies such as investigations on the possible changes of long-term potentiation or long-term depression as a manifestation of memory function might also be important.
Innovations and revolutions in reducing retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2021
Mary Kelada, Daniel Hill, Timothy E. Yap, Haider Manzar, M. Francesca Cordeiro
Citicoline (Table 1) is an endogenous mononucleotide involved in the synthesis of membrane phospholipids [52]. The use of citicoline as a neuroprotective agent has been explored in amblyopia, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease [53–56]. Citicoline in its original form, cytidine 5ʹ-diphosphocholine, is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), however, once hydrolyzed in the liver into cytidine and choline, the components are able to cross the BBB and then reform back into citicoline [57]. Amongst its neuroprotective actions, citicoline is able to maintain cardiolipin and sphingomyelin concentrations in mitochondria, thereby restoring phosphatidylcholine levels.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Choline
- Cytidine
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Glaucoma
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Stroke
- Cell Membrane
- Cell
- Blood–Brain Barrier
- Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase