Nutrition Part I
Mark C Houston in The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Several dietary and nutritional components have been shown to decrease inflammation by interrupting the inflammatory vascular receptors (8). These include the following:Curcumin (turmeric).Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon).Sulforaphane (broccoli).Resveratrol (nutritional supplement, red wine, grapes).Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (green tea).Luteolin (celery, green pepper, rosemary, carrots, oregano, oranges, olives).Quercetin (tea, apples, onion, tomatoes, capers).
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal in Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Cinnamon comprises of numerous bioactive constituents like cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamate. Bioactive compounds of cinnamon improve with appearance of dark color due to aging of cinnamon. Various essential oils (α-thujene, cinnamyl acetate, L-bornyl acetate, eugenol, E-nerolidol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, L-borneol, terpinolene, caryophyllene oxide, α-terpineol, b-caryophyllene, and α-cubebene) are present in cinnamon extracts. The 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde is known to inhibit the formation of nitric oxide by retarding the initiation of NF-κB, signifying the anti-inflammatory potential of this compound. Several bioactive components present in C. ramulus revealed potent anti-inflammatory characteristics due to inhibitory action on expression of NO, iNOSandCOX-2 production in CNS (central nervous system). Therefore, C. ramulus could be a potent nutraceutical agent responsible for preventing neuro-degenerative ailments caused due to inflammation [36].
Maritime Routes through Sri Lanka: Medicinal Plants and Spices
Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Cinnamon belongs to the family Lauraceae, representing about 250 species and subspecies. As mentioned previously, C. zeylanicum is a plant indigenous to Sri Lanka and is a bushy evergreen tree of moderate size (Jayaprakasha and Rao, 2011). The C. zeylanicum tree grows to around 10 m and the leaves are leathery, usually opposite and are lanceolate to ovate, 11–16 cm long, with sharp tips (Mollazadeh and Hosseinzadeh, 2016). The pallid yellow flowers, which are tubular with six lobes, grow in panicles that are as long as the plant’s leaves, while the fruit is tiny, 1–1.5 cm long, and black when ripe (Mollazadeh and Hosseinzadeh, 2016). Different parts of cinnamon such as the leaves, bark, root bark, and fruits have various amounts of bioactive compounds of interest, which are shown in Table 13.2. Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, and cinnamic acid (Figure 13.2) are the main ingredients found in cinnamon, which increase in quantity when cinnamon ages (Singh et al., 2007). Cinnamaldehyde is responsible for its spicy taste and fragrance, while essential oils, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, and eugenol are also found in cinnamon (Senanayake et al., 1978). Traditional medicinal uses of cinnamon include its usage as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent, and it is also recorded to alleviate bad breath (Sangal, 2011). There are several studies, which demonstrate therapeutic effects of cinnamon, and selected research work is highlighted in Table 13.3.
Improved uptake and bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde via solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Long Wu, Yun Meng, Yuhang Xu, Xiaoqin Chu
The Chinese herb Ramulus Cinnamomi, which is the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, has long been used to treat colds, edema, palpitations, joint pain, and improve blood circulation (Peng et al. 2021). Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is the main component of the volatile oil of cinnamon and is a phenylpropenal structural compound. It has been widely used in medicinal and food applications due to its strong and pleasant aroma (Zuo et al. 2017). In addition, it is also widely used as an antimicrobial and preservative in the food industry due to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties (Jessica Elizabeth et al. 2017). However, in recent years, CA has been found to have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, neuroprotective, and anti-diabetic activities (Hong et al. 2016; Mendes et al. 2016).
Behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations on the effects of cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination in morphine-induced cerebellar toxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Soraya Mahmoudi, Amir Abbas Farshid, Esmaeal Tamaddonfard, Mehdi Imani, Farahnaz Noroozinia
Figure 2 shows the effects of cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination on initial body weight (a), final body weight (b), body weight difference (c), cerebellum weight (d), cerebellum/body weight ratio (e), and alterations induced by long-term morphine exposure. Initial body weight showed no significant (F(6,41)=0.853, p > 0.05, Figure 2(a)) differences. Significant differences were observed in final body weight (F(6,41)=13.672, p < 0.01, Figure 2(b)), body weight difference (F(6,41)=25.314, p < 0.001, Figure 2(c)), cerebellum weight (F(6,41)=33.661, p < 0.001, Figure 2(d)), and cerebellum/body weight ratio (F(6,41)=22.701, p < 0.001, Figure 2(e)) between groups. Cinnamaldehyde (1.25 mg/kg) had no significant (p > 0.05) effects on above-mentioned parameters. Cinnamaldehyde at doses of 5 mg/kg (p < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (p < 0.001), naloxone at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (p < 0.01), and a combined treatment (p < 0.001) with cinnamaldehyde (1.25 mg/kg) plus naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) significantly increased decreased final body weight, body weight difference, cerebellum weight, and cerebellum/body weight ratio induced by morphine exposure. Similar significant differences were observed between the groups treated with 5 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde and 0.5 mg/kg naloxone (Figure 2(b–e)). No significant differences were found between the groups treated with 20 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde, 1.25 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde plus 0.5 mg/kg naloxone, and vehicle-normal saline (Figure 2(b–e)).
Effects of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde on Reperfused Ischemic Skeletal Muscle and the Relationship to Laminin
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Esra Pekoglu, Belgin Buyukakilli, Cagatay Han Turkseven, Ebru Balli, Gulsen Bayrak, Burak Cimen, Senay Balci
In most phytotherapy studies, it was seen that antioxidant-derived plants were used to reduce ROS formation. Therefore, the prophylactic effects of cinnamaldehyde are becoming increasingly important. 98% of the essential oils found in the structure of Cinnamon, an evergreen aromatic fragrant tree of the laurel family, are cinnamaldehyde [11]. Cinnamaldehyde is known to enhance antioxidant defense against ROS [12]. The natural product of cinnamaldehyde is trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) [11]. TCA has various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity [13]. In the I-R model of causing brain injury in rat, TCA has been reported to have a potential neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke [14]. In another study, cinnamaldehyde was reported to protect the brain from ischemia injury by repressing inflammation [15]. Song et al. showed that cinnamaldehyde preserves the myocardium from I-R damage [16]. Also, in acute limb ischemia, rapid diagnosis and treatment are necessary to maintain the extremity. Animal models of I-R have been generally used to investigate the pathophysiology and the results of I-R injury, as well as cellular and gene therapies [17]. Although many treatment methods have been tried, there are few studies focused on improving the muscle function loss caused by lower extremity I-R injury. However, in recent years, prophylactic treatment studies have increased rapidly within the scope for phytotherapy. Especially TCA, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, is emphasized. The previous studies recommended that cinnamaldehyde may be a healing candidate for ischemia injury.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acrolein
- Cinnamon
- Essential Oil
- Lignin
- Organic Compound
- Styrene
- Cis–Trans Isomerism
- Flavoring
- Odor
- Shikimate Pathway