The nineteenth century
Michael J. O’Dowd in The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Apparently, the first account of Peruvian bark appeared in a religious book written in 1633 and published in Spain in 1639. The author, an Augustinian monk, wrote that powdered bark cured fevers. In Latin America the priests of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) had become protectors and friends of the native Indians. The Jesuits were aware of the potential benefits of Peruvian bark and it was they who arranged the collection of the bark in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. After collection the bark was dried, powdered, and exported to Europe, where it was sold for the benefit of the Order. From 1650 the bark took on its new name, Jesuits’ bark. In Rome, the medication was sponsored by the eminent philosopher, Cardinal de Lugo, and it then became known as Cardinal’s bark. The bark could be used as a powder, extract or infusion. In 1820 Pelletier and Caventou isolated the alkaloids quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona plant (Poser and Bruyn, 1999). Quinine was the main treatment for malaria until synthetic antimalarials became available. Malaria, caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted by mosquitoes, derives it’s name from the Italian mal, bad, and aria, air. The disease was known by various names including ‘swamp fever’ (Hobhouse, 1986; Poser and Bruyn, 1999).
Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Azamal Husen in Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Cinchonine (C19H22N2O) (Figure 19.3) is the second most major alkaloid found in Cinchona after quinine, and it is also employed as an anti-malarial drug (Tracy, 1996). Cinchonine has lower toxicity than quinine and higher activity than other quinine-related compounds (Genne et al., 1994). However, the exact percentage of cinchonine in Cinchona is controversial. Moreover, it is mainly used as an antimicrobial agent, and broadly used for schizonticide, amoebiasis, flu, dysentery, and fever. It also serves as a moderate stimulant to the mucosa of the stomach (Kacprzak, 2013).
Synergistic effect and efflux pump inhibitory activity of Ficus nitida phenolic extract with tetracycline against some pathogenic bacteria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohamed A. Embaby, Mohamed A. El-Raey, Mohamed Zaineldain, Omar Almaghrabi, Diaa A. Marrez
Chlorogenic acid and Quinic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against St. aureus (Li et al. 2014). Quinic acid showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against the foodborne pathogens included the gram-positive and the gram-negative bacteria. Quinic acid decreased the membrane fluidity of St. aureus and had a significant effect on the normal functions of cell membrane of St. aureus. The highest antimicrobial activity of tea due to presence of catechins polyphenols which damage the bacterial cell membrane. The bactericidal action of catechins is due to its hydrogen peroxide generation (Arakawa et al. 2004). Kumar et al. (2015) found that twelve derivatives of catechin had antibacterial activity against St. aureus, Micrococcus luteus, B. subtilis, Klebsiella planticola, E. coli, and Ps. aeruginosa with MIC values ranged from 2.34 to 300 μg ml−1. Due to the antimicrobial activity of 5-O-Caffeoyl quinic acid toward selected E. coli, St. aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and Candida albicans, it had possible application to use as preservative in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries (Bajko et al. 2016). Cinchonine was found to be effective against biofilm producing St. aureus (Skogman et al. 2012).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alkaloid
- Enantiomer
- Quinine
- Cinchona Officinalis
- Enantioselective Synthesis
- Cinchonidine
- Antimalarial Medication
- Glp-1 Receptor Agonist
- Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease