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Benzocaine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Benzocaine has long been included in most routine patch test series in a concentration of 5% in petrolatum (78). In 2019 it was replaced in the European baseline series with the caine mix III 10% pet. (containing 5% benzocaine, 2.5% dibucaine [cinchocaine] and 2.5% tetracaine) (77), as it had been shown – already 30 years ago (78, 80, 81) – and later confirmed (79), that a mix of these 3 local anesthetics detects many cases of sensitization to local anesthetics not identified by benzocaine alone.
Potential of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Hemorrhoids
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
The principal objective of the treatment is, in acute phase, to diminish the symptoms rapidly and prevention of the relapses in chronical phase. Patient very often performs local topical treatments, and anti-inflammatory drugs to ameliorate ailment or obstruct the worsening of the hemorrhoid depending on the grade of the ailment, before opting for a surgery. These might include various options, such as use of antiseptics, local anesthesia, anti-inflammatories, vasoconstrictors, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and plant extracts.33 Synthetic constituents are also mostly preferred, such as zinc oxide and bismuth subgallate as antiseptics and constriction of vessels (or as astringents). Moreover, zinc oxide creates a barrier on the skin to prevent irritation. Cortisone compounds provide relief from anal irritation and itching. Local anesthetics like lidocaine, benzocaine, and cinchocaine chlorhydrate are remedies that cause reversible absence of pain sensation. Fluocortolone is a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. Phenylephrine is a decongestant with potent vasoconstrictor property that shrinks blood vessels. Nifedipine is a selective calcium channel blocker that affects blood flow in the vessel and muscle dilation. Nitroglycerin decreases the smooth muscle tonus of blood vessels. Mineral oil, starch, white petrolatum, glycerin, and shark liver oil are also used as protectants.25,56. These drugs are effective in the healing of external and first-degree hemorrhoids.
Local Anesthetics and Additives
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Jean-Pierre Haberer, Bernard Jacques Dalens
Dibucaine (cinchocaine, Nupercaine®, 1929) was the first amino-amide used for spinal anesthesia, but it is not recommended any longer due to its intrinsic toxicity. Lidocaine (lignocaine, Xylocaine®, 1944) (Table 3.1) was the first amino-amide agent used for peripheral nerve blocks and local infiltrations. Due to its pharmacological properties, it has gained general acceptance and has replaced procaine as the reference local anesthetic.
Hyaluronic acid gel-core liposomes (hyaluosomes) enhance skin permeation of ketoprofen
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) among average size diameters for ethosomes, PG-liposomes, transferosomes and hyaluosomes. Further, the effect of PG and ethanol concentrations had no statistically significant (p > 0.05) effects on the average diameter. Similar results were reported elsewhere with cinchocaine PG-liposomes, ethosomes and transferosomes (Elsayed et al. 2007b).