Effects of solar radiation, air pollution, and artificial blue light on the skin
Roger L. McMullen in Antioxidants and the Skin, 2018
Researchers have been interested in understanding the penetration of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in the skin for quite some time. One study appeared in the late 1980s examining the skin surface levels of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons of roofing workers exposed to tar.105 To better understand the trans-dermal absorption characteristics of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, investigators at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands applied a coal-tar ointment to various anatomical sites of the body and monitored the amount of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine as well as the disappearance of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons from the surface of skin as indicators of the systemic levels of the pollutants.106 Essentially, these findings demonstrated the following order of absorption: shoulder > forehead, forearm, groin > ankle, hand. Although, it should be noted that the differences between the different anatomical sites were marginal. Other studies demonstrated the carcinogenic properties of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to the skin.107 A comparison was made between two types of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def, p]chrysene) and pollutant matter (coal tar, diesel particulate, and cigarette smoke condensate). Dibenzo[def, p]chrysene was found to be the most potent agent, followed by benzo[a]pyrene.
A Comparative Study of Organic Pollutants in Seawater, Sediments, and Oyster Tissues at Hab River Delta, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
In both oyster samples, several PAHs were identified. The PAHS are present in petroleum fractions, and they are formed during thermal cracking taking place in some processes of crude oil processing (Gilgenast et al., 2011; Boczkaj et al., 2014; Makoś et al., 2018a, 2018b). This indicates a health risk for humans in this region because PAHs are carcinogenic. However, Gardner et al. (1991) has well documented the concentrations of organic contaminates in eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and in sediments with reference to evidence scale as carcinogens. He gave a scale of carcinogens to different contaminants. According to his scale, Chrysene has limited evidence as carcinogens. Phenanthrene has inadequate evidence while anthracene and fluoranthene have no evidence of being carcinogenic. The only cancer promoter we detected in our results is pyrene. Bender et al. (1988) examined the distribution of PAHs in eastern oysters from the Elizbeth River, Virginia, and conducted laboratory studies compared the uptake and depuration of PAHs by eastern oysters and hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, with exposure to contaminated sediments from the Elizabeth River. Animals were exposed to contaminated sediments for 28 days, followed by a 28-day depuration phase. Oysters accumulated three to four times more total PAH than clams with similar uptake rates. Bioconcentration factors for oysters ranged from 1600 for phenanthrene to 36,000 for methyl-pyrene (Capuzzo, 1996).
Screening Smokes: Applications, Toxicology, Clinical Considerations, and Medical Management *
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene-7,14-dione is a yellow dye (Vat Yellow 4), often combined with 7-H-benz[de]anthracene-7-one for a yellow smoke, or with benzanthrone and Solvent Green 3 to give a green smoke. No tumors were reported in several studies in which dibenzo[b,def]chrysene-7,14-dione was given by subcutaneous injection and by cutaneous dosing to mice (Hartwell, 1957).
Placental levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their association with birth weight of infants
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Priyanka Agarwal, Madhu Anand, Paromita Chakraborty, Laxmi Singh, Jamson Masih, Ajay Taneja
Table 2 summarizes the descriptive statistics of PAHs congeners. The total concentration of PAH quantified in placenta tissue samples ranged from 0.64–1363.33 µg/L, with a mean value of 97.20 µg/L (wet-weight concentration levels). Among the sixteen congeners analyzed, the highest levels of chrysene (36.92 µg/L) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (34.82 µg/L) were observed. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene had a strong correlation with the concentrations of other PAHs and ∑PAHs as well (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.27–0.99, Supplementary file S2). The detection rates were different for the individual PAHs with highest PAHs detected as follows: benzo(k)fluoranthene (44%), benzo(a)anthracene (43%) and benzo(b)fluoranthene (41%), while the lowest detection rate was observed for acenaphthene and fluorene (4–8% of total samples analyzed). Benzo(a)pyrene, a known human carcinogen, was detected in 27.4% of the samples. It was also observed during the study that high molecular weight PAHs (HMW: Fla, Pyr, BaA, Chy, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, IcdP, BghiP) were more abundant than low molecular weight PAHs (LMW: Nap, Ace, Acy, Flu, Phen, Anth) in the analyzed samples. The ratio of ∑LMW PAHs to ∑HMW PAHs (LMW/HMW) is commonly used to recognize the emission sources of PAHs in the atmosphere. In the current study, the ratio of ∑LMW/HMW < 1, clearly points that in placental tissue samples, the main source of PAHs is mostly pyrogenic.
Levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples from selected Jordanian dams
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sharif Arar, Mahmoud Alawi, Ali Alnawaiseh, Mohanad Masad
Comparing the results of the studied samples from the five Jordanian dams for the 13 PAH compounds as shown in Table 4, we found that acenaphthylene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Wadi ElArab, Karamah, and Mujib) to 12.3 ng/g (King Tala dam). Fluorene was found in the concentration range from 10.4 ng/g (King Talal dam) to 22.0 (Wadi ElArab). Phenanthrene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Mujib and Tannur) to 2.8 ng/g (King Talal dam). Anthracene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Tannur) to 13.6 ng/g (Mujib). Pyrene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Tannur) to 7.2 ng/g (Mujib). Benzo(a)anthracene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Mujib, Tannur, and Karamah) to 2.0 ng/g (Wadi ElArab). Chrysene was found in the concentration range from 0.0 ng/g (Mujib, Tannur, and Karamah) to 5.0 ng/g (King Talal dam). Benzo(b)fluoranthene, dibenzo-(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno-(1,2,3cd)pyrene were found only in king Talal dam with the concentration 25.3 ng/g, 1.0 ng/g, 0.5 ng/g, and 2.0, respectively. Benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene were not found in all studied dams.
Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke of charcoal grilled meat-restaurants in Amman, Jordan
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sharif H. Arar, Sarya G. Ikbarieh, Mohammed H. Kailani, Mahmoud A. Alawi
This study focused on the S restaurant (7 replicates at different conditions) and was then compared with the other four restaurants (Z, G, B, and J) to study the difference in concentrations of PAHs according to the conditions mentioned previously. Comparing the results of the studied restaurants samples for the 16 PAHs compounds as presented in Table S3 and shown in Figure 1. Fluorene was found in the concentration range from 0.09 µg/m3 (S) to 0.12 µg/m3 (B). Phenanthrene was found in the concentration range from 0.006 µg/m3 (G) to 4.0 µg/m3 (S). Anthracene was found in the concentration range from 0.02 µg/m3 (Z) to 2.3 µg/m3 (S). Fluoranthene was found in the concentration range from 0.02 µg/m3 (G) to 1.8 µg/m3 (S). Pyrene was found in the concentration range from 0.03 µg/m3 (G) to 2.2 µg/m3 (S). Benzo (a) anthracene was found in the concentration range from 0.02 µg/m3 (J) to 3.1 µg/m3 (S). Chrysene was found in the concentration range from 0.1 µg/m3 (G) to 1.6 µg/m3 (S). Benzo (b) fluoranthene was found in the concentration range from 0.04 µg/m3 (J) to1.1 µg/m3 (S). Benzo (k) fluoranthene was found in the concentration range from 0.01 µg/m3 (J) to 0.34 µg/m3 (B). Benzo (a) pyrene was found in the concentration range from 0.003 µg/m3 (G) to 0.62 µg/m3 (S). Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene was found to be 0.02 µg/m3 (S and J). Acenaphthylene was found only in (B restaurant) with the concentration 0.09 µg/m3. Naphthalene, Acenaphthene, Benzo(g,h,i) perylene, and In-deno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were not detected in all the samples of studied restaurants.
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