Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chondroitin sulfate is a substance that is already present in the human body. This substance is believed to have a function to draw water and nutrients into human cartilage so that human cartilage remains healthy and supple (Joseph, 2021). The use of this substance is usually aimed at overcoming health problems as therapeutic agents such as pain in the joints and is also commonly used as an antithrombotic, an ischemic heart disease treatment, and an extravasation therapy agent along with hyperlipidemia (Archiando, 2020). The diversity of species and tissues causes chondroitin sulfate to have a heterogeneous structure and physico-chemical profile, which is responsible for the various and specific activities of this macromolecule (Volpi, 2019). The Indonesian Agency for Drug and Food Control through the decree of HK.00.05.23.3644 of 2004 stipulates that the maximum limit of chondroitin sulfate that can be consumed from dietary supplements is 1200 mg per day.
Glycosaminoglycans
Luke R. Bucci in Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
In several large clinical trials, as well as a study on atherosclerosis lasting for 6 years, there have been no major side effects attributed to oral CS at doses of 1.5 to 10 g/d.1206,1239 Less than 1% of patients had to cease taking CS. When injected, stomach upset and a few skin rashes were seen when side effects did occur. Oral administration of CS led to only very minor, if any, changes in coagulant profiles. Therefore, the ability of chondroitin sulfates to affect thrombus formation in vitro is not encountered in vivo. Most subjects given CS were diseased, with either atherosclerosis or degenerative joint diseases. Many of these subjects were also taking other anticoagulant therapy, including coumadin, with no apparent additive toxicity.1204 Thus, purified chondroitin sulfates administered orally appear to have almost no adverse side effects.
Dietary supplements and food fortification
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Polysaccharides known as glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and chondroitin sulphate is one of these glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulphate is obtained commercially from either the cartilage of fish like sharks or from the trachea of farm animals. All of these glycosaminoglycans contain repeating disaccharide units in which glucosamine or galactosamine is combined with glucuronic acid. Glucosamine is synthesised endogenously by substitution of an amino group onto carbon 2 of glucose and it is produced commercially by the acid hydrolysis of the shells of shellfish like prawns, shrimps and crabs, although vegetarian-derived products are also available. The chemical structure of glucosamine is shown in Figure 13.5.
Assessment of pharmacy students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice toward herbal dietary supplements
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Sarah A. Nakhal, Souraya A. Domiati, Mohamed E. K. Amin, Abdalla M. El-Lakany
Fish oil or Omega-3 is one of the most commonly consumed dietary supplements that provides many health benefits, including protection against a number of diseases such as cardiovascular, eye, and mental diseases, aids in weight loss, and reduce inflammation. Another consumed dietary supplement is fiber or psyllium used as a bulk-forming laxative. Furthermore, cranberry used for treating or preventing urinary tract infection (UTI), improving heart health, fighting age-related damage, and supporting the digestive system. Glucosamine and chondroitin are used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, despite the proof that they are no more effective than placebo in delaying the progression of cartilage loss in patients with moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis.14 Indeed, in the current study, these 5 herbal products were most frequently used by pharmacy students. This can be correlated by the fact that students refer mostly to the Internet (56%) as a source of information due to easy accessibility. In fact, according to the finding of Alhomoud et al.,6 the Internet carries a vast range of information, resources, and services. Textbooks accounted for the lowest percentage, although they are the most trusted source of information.
Shark Cartilage Supplement Labeling Practices and Compliance with U.S. Regulations
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Rachel B. Isaacs, Rosalee S. Hellberg
Global demand for shark products increased over 40% from 2000 to 2012 (Dent and Clarke 2015). This has been attributed in part to popular media, such as the book Sharks Don't Get Cancer: How Shark Cartilage Could Save Your Life (Lane and Comac 1992), claiming that shark cartilage is a natural anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory substance. In the year 2000, two U.S. companies were charged with making false and unsubstantiated claims about the efficacy of a shark cartilage product and a skin cream product, which were being deceptively marketed to consumers as cancer treatments (FTC 2000). Shark cartilage also has been reported to contain chondroitin sulfate and consumers often purchase these supplements for arthritic relief (Imada et al. 2010). Previous research discovered mislabeling of the contents in shark cartilage supplements (Hellberg et al. 2019), which raises concerns regarding other aspects of the product label. However, there is currently a lack of peer-reviewed information on whether shark cartilage supplement labels are compliant with U.S. regulations.
Glucosamine for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: The Time Has Come for Higher-Dose Trials
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Mark F. McCarty, James H. O'Keefe, James J. DiNicolantonio
Intriguingly, in a recent double-blind cross-over clinical study, in which the participants received 1,500 mg glucosamine + 1,200 mg chondroitin sulfate or matching placebo daily for 28 days, CRP was found to be 23% lower (p = .048) after active supplementation than after placebo (Navarro et al., 2015). As is well known, elevated CRP is predictive of risk for cardiovascular events, albeit it does not appear to mediate this increased risk (Ridker, 2016). If glucosamine/chondroitin supplementation addresses the metabolic factors that both elevate CRP and increase cardiovascular risk, this might help explain the association of this strategy with decreased mortality observed epidemiologically. Could glucosamine alone, perhaps at double the usual dose, replicate the impact of glucosamine/chondroitin observed in this study? Does chondroitin sulfate exert an effect similar to that of glucosamine, and does the popularity of supplements combining these two agents reflect the fact that the dose employed of glucosamine is suboptimal?