Choline *
Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky in Sports Nutrition, 2005
Choline supplements are available in many forms, including the choline salts (choline bitartrate, choline citrate and choline chloride), phosphatidylcholine, lecithin, Alpha-GPC and cytidine 5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline). Table 10.4 presents a list of some commercially available choline supplements and the more common doses. Lecithin, which also has GRAS status,53 is a better choice than choline salts, because choline from lecithin appears to be more bioavailable.7 Wurtman et al.7 showed that plasma choline levels increased by 265% after ingestion of lecithin as compared with 86% after taking choline chloride (2–3 grams). Moreover, plasma levels were maintained above normal for 12 hours after lecithin as compared with only 4 hours following choline chloride.
Neuroimaging Applications for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease
Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh in Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
There appears to be a major decrease in the transport of choline across the blood-brain barrier with aging. Males received 4 g of choline chloride (as free base) orally and brain levels of choline and its water-soluble metabolites were assessed using MRS. In young males brain levels of choline and its water-soluble metabolites doubled after 3 hours. In aged (mean age = 72 ± 7) men, comparable elevations occurred in plasma choline levels; however, brain water-soluble choline compounds increased by only 19%.97 Comparable findings have also been reported in rats.98 This age-related impairment of choline transport could underlie the age dependence of AD on choline transport. It is believed that compounds that interact with choline and with its precursors and metabolites may provide effective treatments for AD.97 Of significance is the possible relationship of decreased transport of choline, decreased availability of choline as a substrate, and possible related findings of increased glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolarmine (GPE).
Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Plants
Joseph P. Hou in The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
Nitrogenous substances, about 2%–5% of unknown structure, were detected in the ethereal extract of ginseng root; the nonprotein nitrogenous substances were about 1%–1.5%.55, 56 Although in an early study, it was shown that American ginseng does not contain an alkaloid,57 a nitrogenous substance called choline has been isolated and identified in the alcoholic extract of ginseng. Choline is an alkaloid in nature; it is found in plants and in animal organs. Choline chloride has been used as a lipotropic agent (preventing the excess of accumulation of fat). Choline also gives a marked hypotonic action on blood pressure in rabbits.58
Choline: The Neurocognitive Essential Nutrient of Interest to Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Taylor C. Wallace, Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn, Marie A. Caudill, Kevin C. Klatt, Steven H. Zeisel
Foods naturally containing choline include chicken liver (3 oz: 247 mg); salmon (3 oz: 187 mg); eggs (1 large egg with yolk: 147 mg); shiitake mushrooms (1/2 cup: 58 mg); chicken, broilers or fryers (3 oz: 56 mg); beef, grass-fed strip steak (3 oz: 55 mg); wheat germ (1 oz toasted: 51 mg); milk (8 oz: 38 mg); brussels sprouts (1/2 cup: 32 mg); and almonds (1 oz: 15 mg). Select plant foods such as cruciferous vegetables and certain beans are good sources of choline, contributing approximately 10% of the daily recommended intake (Zeisel and da Costa 2009). Foods, particularly plant foods, also contain betaine, which cannot be converted to choline but can be used as a methyl donor, thereby sparing some of the choline requirement. In animal models, a minimum 50% of the dietary requirement of choline is still needed, but the remaining 50% can be spared by intake of betaine (Craig 2004; Dilger et al. 2007). Choline is available commercially as an ingredient in many fortified foods and dietary supplements as choline bitartrate or choline chloride. The US Food and Drug Administration (2017) has mandated fortification of non-milk-based infant formula to the level present in human breast milk since 1985.
Solubility advantage of sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide in natural deep eutectic systems: experimental and theoretical investigations
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Tomasz Jeliński, Maciej Przybyłek, Piotr Cysewski
Eight different NADES constituents were used during the study, namely choline chloride (CAS: 67–48-1, later abbreviated as ChCl), glucose (CAS: 50–99-7), fructose (CAS: 57–48-7), sorbitol (CAS: 50–70-4), xylitol (CAS: 87–99-0), maltose (CAS: 69–79-5), sucrose (CAS: 57–50-1), and glycerol (CAS: 56–81-5, later abbreviated as Gl), which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfanilamide (CAS: 63–74-1, later abbreviated as SN) and sulfacetamide (CAS: 144–80-9, later abbreviated as SC) were also provided by the same source and their structural formulas are given in Figure 1. Methanol used as a solvent was purchased from Avantor Performance Materials, Poland. Choline chloride was dried before use, while other chemicals and solvents were reagent grade and were used as received.
Preparation of chitosan-coated liposomes as a novel carrier system for the antiviral drug Triazavirin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ksenia V. Kozhikhova, Maria N. Ivantsova, Maria I. Tokareva, Iliya D. Shulepov, Andrey V. Tretiyakov, Lev V. Shaidarov, Vladimir L. Rusinov, Maxim A. Mironov
Liposomal suspensions obtained according to the standard procedure, and containing 85% phosphatidylcholine and 15% cholesterol34 were used in the initial experiments of this study. The hydration of the lipid film was carried out in a standard phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Liposomes were subsequently formed by double extrusion through inorganic membrane of pore size 200 nm (Anotop). Triazavirin has a high solubility in water (150–170 mg/mL) and poor solubility in organic solvents and liposomal bilayers. Therefore, Triazavirin was predicted to embed in the liposomes structure as a salt with quaternary amines. Charge-forming components were added to the liposomal composition to provide high-drug content within the lipid film. For loading, the active substance, biocompatible choline esters of fatty acids were synthesized as charge-forming components with the capacity to form a stable salt with the target drug. Choline chloride was acylated with palmitoyl chloride or stearoyl chloride using an established method (Figure 2)29. We demonstrated that the content of the charge-forming component had a significant influence on the distribution of liposome size. All samples with a high content of palmitoylcholine chloride (1) or stearoylcholine chloride (2) (5% by weight) were characterized by two maxima of size distribution in the range of 62 ± 2 nm and 275 ± 5 nm in diameter. In contrast, for biomedical applications, liposomal formulations are required to have monomodal distribution of particles with an average diameter of less than 200 nm. However, the average diameter of the liposomes with palmitoylcholine chloride (1) was 220 ± 3 nm. Therefore, we sought to determine the optimal content of charge-forming component. Thus, using 1.0% of 1, a sample was obtained, which satisfied requirements to the liposomal compositions, namely, a monomodal distribution with an average diameter of 184 ± 3 nm. At the same time, surface charge was decreased from 85 to 35 mV.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chloride
- Choline
- Dimethylethanolamine
- Functional Group
- Methylation
- Organic Compound
- Quaternary Ammonium Cation
- Ion
- Hydroxy Group
- Salt