Dyslipidemia
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Cholesterol is one of the steroid family of lipids that are waxy, resembling fat. It is present mostly in the cells of humans and animals, where it is also the primary sterol. However, cholesterol is present in all body fluids in varying amounts, either in a free form or in a storage form. In the blood plasma, cholesterol levels are measured in mg of cholesterol per dL of blood. Cholesterol is not soluble in the plasma. This is because plasma is water-based, and cholesterol is oil-based. This explains why cholesterol, after entering the bloodstream, solidifies into lumps called plaques. Cholesterol is obtained from plants and animals, dairy products, and eggs. Many foods that contain cholesterol are unhealthy. Low-fat dairy products, egg whites, and fresh fruits do not contain cholesterol. Nuts and vegetables are considered excellent sources of soluble fibers, which can reduce cholesterol.
Non-communicable diseases
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter in Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
The body can make most of the fats that it requires by reconstituting other fats, but not omega-3 fatty acids. They are vital for cellular function and, eaten in sufficient quantities, reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, and possibly some cancers. Oily fish, such as salmon and tuna, is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids. There are two major types of cholesterol in the bloodstream: low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which carry cholesterol from the gut to the rest of the body; and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which carry it from the rest of the body to the gut for disposal. LDL is therefore ‘bad’ cholesterol, because it results in cholesterol being deposited in cells and arteries. But HDL is ‘good’ cholesterol, because it clears cholesterol away from cells and arteries. A person’s level of LDL cholesterol is affected by dietary intake of fat and carbohydrate more than the type or amount of cholesterol consumed. This is counterintuitive and a difficult health message, but the approach on cholesterol is to follow the advice on fats and carbohydrates, choosing the good versions of each.
The vascular risk factors of ischemic stroke in young adults
Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah in Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
Researchers have identified modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke. The modifiable risk factors for stroke include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia while the non-modifiable risk factors for stroke consist of age, sex, and genetics. The incidence of stroke in young adults is related to lifestyle choices such as consuming lots of delicious fatty foods and being too lazy to move or do sport. This is one of the risk factors for stroke that can certainly be modified. Cholesterol levels below 200 mg/dl are considered safe, whereas cholesterol levels over 240 mg/dl are considered a dangerous condition resulting in greater risk of heart disease and stroke (Del Mar Bibiloni et al. 2016; MedicineNet 2018). Excessive sugar consumption can cause diabetes mellitus, which is one of the risk factors for stroke in young adults. If diabetes is accompanied by high cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, and high blood pressure, the risk of stroke is four times greater (Bell et al. 2015; Ferrier 2014). Hypertension, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, is the biggest cause of stroke (Grace et al. 2016). Increased uric acid production also plays a role in increasing the incidence of stroke. Hyperuricemia is elevated uric acid levels in the blood resulting from the consumption of foods with high fat, purines. and fructose, obesity, and some kidney disorders (Ferrier 2014).
Recent approaches to ameliorate selectivity and sensitivity of enzyme based cholesterol biosensors: a review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Anjum Gahlaut, Vinita Hooda, Vikas Dhull, Vikas Hooda
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the prime cause of death in present world. According to statistical data analysis of CVD cases in US, American Heart Association has stated that 33% of US adults suffer from hypertension and every one out three deaths is due to CVD. Situation is relatively much worse in Europe where out of 4 million deaths every year 47% are due to CVD (As per data provided by British heart foundation). Cholesterol is popular as risk factor because the increase in blood cholesterol along with other factors, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, this risk of CVD increases even more. Elevated level of cholesterol in blood is one of the factors responsible for coronary artery disease, hypertension, nephritic syndrome or cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke. When high level of cholesterol circulates in the blood, it slowly builds up layer inside the inner walls of the arteries that feed the heart and brain. Together with other substances, it can form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can narrow the arteries and making it harder for the blood to cross through. This crucial condition of stiffened and narrowed coronary arteries is known as atherosclerosis. The consequences may result into heart attack, stroke or even death [1]. In US total cost of CVD and stroke for 2009 has been estimated to be $312.6 billion (Cost includes diagnosis, medication and home health care).
Human ovarian granulosa cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis for LDL uptake: immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Aynur Abdulova, Merjem Purelku, Hakan Sahin, Gamze Tanrıverdi
Steroidogenesis is a complex process between multiple enzymes and substrates by which cholesterol is converted into steroid hormones. Cholesterol is stored in lipid droplets (LDs) as cholesterol esters (CEs) within the steroidogenic tissue. The cholesterol that is required for steroidogenesis which is being initiated in response to a hormonal stimulus is provided by the mobilization of these stored CEs within the cells.3 There are two different forms of cholesterol which are known as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Studies are focused on the fact that granulosa cells use the LDL-receptor (LDLR)-mediated endocytic pathway for steroid biosynthesis. LDLR is an important protein that functions to mediate the uptake of LDL cholesterol, which is a specific substrate for steroid hormone production.3–5 Many different endocytic pathways have been described in eukaryotic cells, but the main pathway for LDL transport has been reported to be the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway.6,7 However, no study that clarifies LDL internalization in human granulosa cells and whether the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway is functional in this process has yet been published.
Sample management for clinical biochemistry assays: Are serum and plasma interchangeable specimens?
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Gabriel Lima-Oliveira, Denis Monneret, Fabrice Guerber, Gian Cesare Guidi
Variability between serum and plasma from different brands of evacuated tubes. (a) TP – total protein; (b) TRANS – transferrin; (c) HPT – haptoglobin; (d) AAT – α1-antitrypsin; (e) C3 – complement C3; (f) IgG – immunoglobulin G; (g) IgM – immunoglobulin M; (h) IgA – immunoglobulin A; (i) HDL – high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; (j) PHOS – phosphate; (k) Ca – calcium; (l) K – potassium; (m) ALP – alkaline phosphatase; (n) AMYL – amylase; (o) ALT – alanine aminotransferase; (p) GGT – gamma-glutamyltransferase; (q) LD – lactate dehydrogenase; (r) CK – creatine kinase; (s) CRE – creatinine. Serum vs. plasma from different brands of evacuated tubes (x-axis) are plotted against bias values (y-axis). Solid line – bias. Dashed lines – acceptable criteria based on desirable specification for imprecision (DSI) derived from biologic variation for each analyte.
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