The effect of container materials and multiple-phase formulation components on the activity of antimicrobial agents
R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield in Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
These aspects have also been investigated by Pisano and Kostenbauder (1959), Mitchell and Brown (1966), Bean et al. (1969), Kazmi and Mitchell (1978) and Kostenbauder (1983). These workers also found that the biocidal activity of non-ionic surfactant-preservative systems was dependent on the amount of preservative free in the water. From further studies by Sheikh (1971), it was reported that, although preservative activity was related to the free preservative concentration, with cetomacrogol 1000 and bactericides such as phenol, chlorocresol and chloroxylenol, activity was always slightly greater than would be anticipated from the amount of free compound. The effect was more marked with chloroxylenol than phenol, the former compound also showing a higher degree of interaction with the non-ionic surfactant than did the latter.
Irritation and Contact Dermatitis from Protective Gloves
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
One new phenomenon that became common during the COVID-19 pandemic is double gloving, which appears to increase the frequency of dermatologic side effects, such as irritation and latex allergy.13 The increase of skin damage as the consequence of greater PPE use and increased hand hygiene has been a consequence of COVID-19 handling. This practice of double gloving is only recommended for surgical procedures that carry a high risk of disrupting the integrity of the glove. A questionnaire-based study suggested that 88.5% of skin reactions on the hands are associated with the use of latex gloves.14 Some adverse effects of glove use: latex allergy; reaction to talcum powder in the gloves; excessive dryness and pruritus (associated with irritant dermatitis) may be aggravated by occlusion, which may lead to sweating and/or overhydration.13 These effects may increase the permeability to sanitizers or detergents, creating a vicious cycle plus aggravation of hand dermatitis. A peculiar pattern of hand dermatitis has been recognized, characterized by erythema and fine scaling on the palms and web spaces. This may be attributed to the depletion of surface lipids, resulting in deeper penetration of detergents, and progressive damage of skin layers is a major pathogenic mechanism. Irritant contact dermatitis is more commonly found with iodophors, chlorhexidine, chloroxylenol, triclosan, and alcohol-based products.
Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga in The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Being highly stable, it is necessary to inactivate SARS-CoV; for this purpose, bleach, povidone-iodine, ethanol, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol, and chlorhexidine, are commonly used disinfectants depending upon the configuration of the material infected with it [42]. Nowadays, nanotechnology is widely used in almost every field of life. It is preferably used, because it does not affect the healthcare and housekeeping staff; even though, chemical-based, nanoparticle-based, and bio-based disinfectants are used. Nanomaterial and nanoparticles exhibit the characteristic of inactivation of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and viruses via different pathways.
Influence of protamine shell on nanoemulsions as a carrier for cyclosporine-A skin delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
M. Javiera Alvarez-Figueroa, José María Abarca-Riquelme, José Vicente González-Aramundiz
In the mid-twentieth century, Zondek observed systemic toxicity when the external disinfectant chloroxylenol was applied locally for the treatment of urogenital diseases. From his observation, it was concluded that a topical application could cause a systemic drug absorption (Pastore et al. 2015). Since then, the skin route has begun to receive greater attention not only for local treatments but also for systemic treatments. The transdermal route has advantages such as: ease of use and self-administration, good patient compliance because it offers a simple and comfortable therapeutic regimen to patients which reduces intra- and inter-patient variability, lower first-pass metabolism, are less painful than injections, and possible sustained delivery (Alvarez-figueroa et al. 2012; Schoellhammer et al. 2014). However, the skin and its primary function, to enclose and protect the human body and prevent the penetration and retention of the majority of external agents (including drugs), raise the challenge of crossing the outermost and impermeable skin layer called the stratum corneum (Morteza et al. 2017). Therefore, in order to take advantage of the benefits of the skin administration route, more technology in delivery systems must be developed.
The inactivation of the non-enveloped enterovirus 71 (EV71) by a novel disinfectant gel formulation for topical use
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Hai-Qiu Ma, Ying Wang, Yong-Hong Mao, Shu-Yan Wang, Yu-Pu Zhang, Chen-Qiang Zuo, Shao-Juan Liang, Jun-Wei Liu
There are many hand disinfectant products on the market that claimed to have broad-spectrum disinfection efficacy, even including the anti-enterovirus activity. However, the anti-EV71 effect of hand disinfectant products containing the conventional active ingredients, such as chlorhexidine, chloroxylenol, hexachlorophene, iodophors, triclosan, and quaternary ammonium compounds may very limit, as the EV71 virus possess good environmental stability and well tolerated to commonly used active substances than other viruses and bacteria [8], although the antivirus mechanism of those active ingredients in the commercial products is various [9]. The World Health Organization (WHO) advised alcohol-based hand disinfectant applied for hand cleaning since the alcohol solutions (containing 60–80%) was able to denature proteins of microorganism. However, the alcohols have very poor activity against non-enveloped viruses, such as the EV71 [9]. Thus, the preparation of hand disinfectant formulations containing TJAB1099, a specific inhibitor of non-enveloped EV71, for the HFMD control may be an effective way.
Treatments for inverse psoriasis: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Kelly A. Reynolds, Deeti J. Pithadia, Erica B. Lee, Jashin J. Wu
The evidence supporting the utility of antiseptics for the management of inverse psoriasis is mixed. Arnold et al determined that addition of 0.5% chlorhexidine to 0.05% clobetasol cream did not result in a statistically significant improvement in inverse psoriasis cure rates compared to the high-potency corticosteroid alone (24). Leigheb et al. randomized 40 patients to apply a topical 2% eosin solution with or without 0.3% chloroxylenol. However, the combination antiseptic led to significantly faster rates of remission compared to eosin alone (p < .01). However, while groups using both antiseptic solutions showed improvement of symptoms, there was no clinical or statistical difference between groups (25).
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