Potential of Piper Germplasm Against Pathogenic Bacteria: Tropical Bay Islands in India
Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Chlorophyll is a vital component for photosynthesis, which is comprised of Chl-a (primary pigment) and Chl-b (accessory pigment). Significant differences were noticed among the samples studied for total chlorophyll content (Table 5.4). In general, total chlorophyll content varied from 0.60 to 6.72 mg/g. Wide variations were noticed among genotypes of P. sarmentosum as the values varied between 0.90 and 6.72 mg/g in this species. In case of Chl-a and Chl-b, P. sarmentosum-4 was found to contain the highest amount of pigments of 3.31 mg/g and 3.42 mg/g, respectively. P. colubrinum-2 was found to contain lowest amount of Chl-a (0.24 mg/g) and Chl-b (0.37 mg/g) among all the genotypes studied. In general, concentration of Chl-b was comparatively higher than that of Chl-a, except in case of P. sarmentosum-1.
Impact of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition on Medicinal Plants' Growth and Production of Active Constituents
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Exposure of plants to SO2 resulted in the interruption of normal metabolic activity. Photosynthesis and respiration can be altered or enzymatic activity can be increased or decreased. The concentration of SO2 is responsible for the scale of metabolic change. There is a possibility that metabolic disorders can happen without visible signs of injury. In green plants, chlorophyll is one of the main vital parts of energy production and its quantity is significantly affected by the environmental situation. Reduction in chlorophyll causes a decrease in plant productivity and then causes plants to display poor strength (Speeding and Thomas 1973). Bell and Mudd (1976) suggested that the resistance of plants to SO2 might be related to the synthesis of deprivation of chlorophyll. However, plants balancing their chlorophyll under polluted circumstances are said to be tolerant (Singh and Verma 2007). The important tool to evaluate the effects of SO2 is the measurement of chlorophyll as it has an important role in plant metabolism. Plant growth is directly affected if there is any decrease in chlorophyll content (Agbaire and Esiefarienhre 2009). Generally, the impact of increased SO2 on plant growth is indicated by the net photosynthetic rate (Woo et al. 2007).
Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chlorophylls are unique pigments with green color and are found in the chloroplasts of diverse plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (15). Chlorophyll is a chelate made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms along with a magnesium metal ion in the central position. The whole chemical structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin (6, 15). The porphyrin of chlorophyll contains four pyrrole-like rings (tetrapyrrole ring) bonded to a magnesium ion via their four nitrogen atoms in a square planar arrangement. Porphyrin structures of chlorophyll molecules are similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin in humans and of vitamin B12. The main difference is the presence of an iron ion in the central position of hemoglobin and myoglobin structures, and of a cobalt ion in vitamin B12 (6, 15). The numbers of naturally occurring chlorophylls may not yet be fully known. However, five classes of chlorophylls are well-known, namely a, b, c, d, and f (15). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of photosystems in all photosynthetic organisms (6–7, 15–16). In green plants, most chloroplasts have three times more chlorophyll a than b (7). The green chlorophyll pigments are the source of magnesium, an essential mineral of human cell activity after calcium. Indeed, the consumption of green vegetables containing chlorophylls is indispensable for our health maintenance and for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant activity.
Hypolipidemic and cardioprotective effects of Ulva lactuca ethanolic extract in hypercholesterolemic mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Intissar Kammoun, Hichem Ben Salah, Hajer Ben Saad, Boutheina Cherif, Mickaël Droguet, Christian Magné, Choumous Kallel, Ons Boudawara, Ahmed Hakim, Neji Gharsallah, Ibtissem Ben Amara
Beside phenolic compounds, green algae also contain various inorganic and organic compounds having beneficial effects for human health (Elicoh-Middleton et al.2000) due to their high nutritional value and their putative curative properties for many diseases (tuberculosis, arthritis, colds and influenza, worm infestations and tumours) such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid. Chlorophyll is the main green pigment found in most algae. It is one of the most significant biomolecules studied for its antioxidant properties. Interestingly, U. lactuca contains high levels of carotenoids. The protective role of carotenoids is based on the effective quenching and prevention of singlet oxygen formation (Cutler 1984). Additionally, anthocyanins are one of the major groups of hydrosoluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid class (Schwinn and Davies 2004). These compounds have an anti-inflammatory and an anticarcinogenic action to prevent cardiovascular diseases (He and Giusti 2010).
Biomimetic phototherapy in cancer treatment: from synthesis to application
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Yifan Zhao, Cuixia Shi, Jie Cao
Apart from animal cell membranes, it should be noted that plant cell membranes, such as powerful chloroplast thylakoids, H2O2 will gradually accumulate in chloroplasts under the influence of low temperature or high salt environment. In order to reduce the damage caused by high oxidative stress, plant leaves have evolved to form a powerful antioxidant system in the body. For example, the hydrogen peroxide decomposing enzyme on the thylakoid membrane can break down H2O2 into O2. Furthermore, the photosynthesis of green plants can release O2, and chlorophyll itself is a kind of fluorescent PS (Sewelam et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017). Based on this inspiration, Ouyang et al. (2018) designed biomimetic plant thylakoids for PDT guided by fluorescence imaging of tumors. They firstly extracted the functional thylakoid cell membrane from spinach and then squeezed by the extruder successfully prepared the nanothylakoids (NTs), the membrane with a particle size of 50 nm. H2O2 decomposing enzyme can catalyze the decomposition of tumor endogenous H2O2 and effectively alleviate the problem of hypoxia. Under the irradiation of the near-infrared laser, the energy level transition of fluorescent dye chlorophyll occurs, which transfers the energy to O2 and then produces 1O2, which realizes the PDT guided by fluorescence imaging of tumor.
Effect of phosphate availability on biofilm formation in cooling towers
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Ingrid S. M. Pinel, Lan Hee Kim, Vitor R. Proença Borges, Nadia M. Farhat, Geert-Jan Witkamp, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder
Quantification of chlorophyll a and b (chlorophyll a + b) was conducted following the proposed protocol from Caesar et al. (2018). In brief, each basin biofilm sample was dried at 60 °C for 24 h before analysis. One gram dry weight of sample was placed in a 15 ml screw-cap glass vial, followed by a spatula tip of CaCO3 and 6 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma Aldrich). The vial was placed in a water bath at 65 °C for 90 min. After the first extraction cycle, the supernatant was transferred to a new vial. Another 6 ml of DMSO were added to the initial vial containing the biofilm and a second extraction was performed at 65 °C for 90 min. The supernatants from the first and second extractions were combined and centrifuged for 10 min at 3,000 × g. The absorbance was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Lambda 45, Perkin-Elmer) at 648, 665 and 700 nm. The equations for the calculation of the amount of chlorophyll a and b are described elsewhere (Caesar et al. 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chlorophyll
- Cyanobacteria
- Electron Transport Chain
- Eukaryote
- Oxygen
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic Pigment
- Prochlorophyta
- Light-Harvesting Complex
- Photosynthetic Reaction Centre