Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Exposure to a few selected industrial chemicals including vinyl chloride, phenoxyacetic acid, arsenic, and phenoxy herbicides may be followed by the appearance of sarcomas. There are, however, a number of inherent problems in occupational epidemiology with small numbers of patients in any given series and the difficulty in isolating a single agent. For these reasons, few associations can be considered established and causal. For example, there is a clear association between vinyl chloride and hepatic angiosarcomas, oxyacetic acid and arsenic. There are reports of an increased incidence of STSs in gardeners (phenoxy herbicides), railroad workers, construction workers exposed to impregnating agents or asbestos, and unspecified chemical workers. The association between exposure to phenoxy herbicides and STS has been corroborated. The last risk may be greater with exposure to phenoxy herbicides contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin (TCDD) or higher chlorinated dioxins. A role for dioxin per se is controversial, and most recent data question the association. A population-based case control study, however, found no increased risk for STS among Vietnam veterans, including those exposed to Agent Orange, which contains dioxin. High-intensity chlorophenol exposure in jobs involving wood preservation or machinists who use cutting fluids may increase the risk of STS, independent of phenoxy herbicides.
Sarcomas
E. George Elias in CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Sarcomas affect all age groups. However, certain histological types are more common in the young while others are common in the older population. They have no sex or race selection. The exact etiological factors are unknown. While the majority of the sarcomas develop de novo, some develop in a benign precursor. Genetic factors may play a role. Almost 10% of neurofibrosarcomas develop in patients with neurofibromatosis of the Von Recklinghausen’s type.1 Similarly, osteogenic sarcoma may develop in older patients with Paget’s disease of the bone. High doses of radiation therapy have been associated with angiosarcoma, lymphangiosar-coma, and osteogenic sarcoma. Chemical carcinogens have also been implicated. These include vinyl chloride, phenoxy acids, chlorophenol, benzpyrene, and methylcholanthrene. Asbestos workers have a high incidence of mesothelioma. Viruses have been suggested as an etiological factor for sarcomas since Rous discovered a sarcoma virus as the cause of a soft tissue sarcoma in chickens. Clinical and laboratory investigations in human sarcomas strongly suggest the presence of virus.2 The higher incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men may relate to the human immunodeficiency virus. Trauma has never been proven as a causative factor, yet sarcomas have developed in scars and chronic granulation tissues.
Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Time-Temperature Integrators
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani in Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
pH and chromatic indicators. The choice of chromatic indicator contained within a label greatly influences the time it takes for the color shift to occur. In TopCryo® labels for example, the chromatic pH indicator shifts from bright green at pH 8 to dark red at pH 6.5. In Vaikousi’s proposed prototype (Vaikousi et al. 2008), the pH indicator is chlorophenol red, shifting from red at pH 6.1 to yellow at pH 5.2. In both TTI, the response time is thus dependent on the time it takes for the microorganisms to acidify the label medium down to the pH value at which a distinct visual color can be observed. Color shift response time can therefore be modulated by either increasing or decreasing the difference between initial and final pH.
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde attenuates pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated human blood cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Nikhil Maheshwari, Riaz Mahmood
The unrestrained discharge of pollutants in the environment poses a threat to human health. Chlorophenols are environmental toxicants having vast applications in chemical industry and agriculture. They exhibit high toxicity, slow degradation and bio-accumulate in humans who are chronically exposed to these chemicals (Czaplicka 2004). Chlorophenols enhance generation of ROS (Bukowska et al.2008) and oxidize lipids (Duchnowicz and Koter 2003) and proteins (Bukowska et al.2007). PCP is a polychlorophenol containing phenol substituted by five chlorine groups. Epidemiological reports suggest that people living in industrialized societies will have either acute or chronic exposure to PCP (ATSDR 2001). This is of concern since PCP is a mutagen and commercial toxicant and exposure to it represents a significant human hazard. It is, therefore, important to devise methods that mitigate PCP toxicity.
Ultra-preconcentration of common herbicides in aqueous samples using solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC–UV
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Toraj Ahmadi-Jouibari, Negar Noori, Kiomars Sharafi, Nazir Fattahi
In the previous study, we demonstrated a new combination of SPE and DLLME which was successfully used for the extraction and determination of chlorophenols (CPs) in the aqueous samples (Fattahi et al. 2007). Up to now, SPE–DLLME has been used for extraction and preconcentration of organic and inorganic compounds from different matrices (Liu et al. 2009, 2011, Han et al. 2013, Shamsipur et al. 2014). A combination of SPE and DLLME not only leads to high EF and low detection limit, but also can be used successfully in complex matrices like urine, blood, and highly saline solutions. In the present paper, DLLME after SPE combined with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV) was studied for the analysis of three herbicides from different categories of organic compounds in aqueous samples. The practical applicability of the method was investigated for the herbicides extraction and determination in well, tap, and river water samples.
Validated specific HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and chlorzoxazone in the presence of five of their degradation products and toxic impurities
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Amira F. El-Yazbi, Karin M. Guirguis, Mona M. Bedair, Tarek S. Belal
Combination therapy is commonly used for management of different musculoskeletal painful conditions. PAR, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics, and skeletal muscle relaxants are the main ingredients used in these combination therapies. The binary combination of PAR and CZ gained lots of attention and focus. Analysis of this mixture was reported using various techniques such as: chemometric spectrophotometry [32–34], RP-HPLC [35–39], LC-MS/MS [40], packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [41], and HPTLC [42]. In addition, few more specific methods were described dealing with the active ingredients together with the impurities. Simultaneous determination of PAR, CZ, and the related impurities AP, CA, and p-chlorophenol were carried out using HPLC [43]. A stability-indicating TLC-densitometric method for simultaneous determination of PAR, CZ, and their toxic impurities AP and ACP was published [44]. Finally, traditional partial least squares (PLS) and advanced artificial neural network (ANN) models were applied for the spectrophotometric determination of both drugs together with their process-related impurities AP, NP, CA, ACP, and 4-chlorophenol [45].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Organochlorine Chemistry
- Phenol
- Chlorine
- 2-Chlorophenol
- Arene Substitution Pattern
- Pentachlorophenol
- Monochlorophenol
- 3-Chlorophenol
- 4-Chlorophenol
- Dichlorophenol