Pest Control in Modern Public Health
Jerome Goddard in Public Health Entomology, 2022
From ancient times, humans have occasionally used chemical compounds to try to ward off pests, for example, sulfur for itch mites2 (we now know that sulfur is an effective acaricide that is relatively safe for human use).3 However, during the late 1800s copper sulfate, nicotine, fluorides, pyre-thrum powder, and arsenicals came into widespread use as insecticides (Figure 2.2). For example, sodium silicoflouride was used to control ecto-parasites on livestock as well as crawling insects in houses and buildings (Figure 2.2D). These inorganic compounds, while not miracle drugs, were certainly better than nothing, but large dosages were required. In the 1930s, scientists found that the synthetic compound paradichlorobenzene, which had been used extensively for clothes moth control, was effective against peachtree borers. Then scientists discovered that substituted phenolic compounds had insecticidal properties, and thus began the systematic search for related synthetic compounds. DDT, one of the most famous of all pesticides, was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 19394 (Figure 2.3). DDT was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops, being sprayed directly on people and property (Figure 2.4). Other chlorinated hydrocarbons were soon developed, such as lindane, endrin, aldrin, chlordane, and many others. These compounds had very long residual effects, still killing insects 10–30 years after application.
Inhalant Abuse
John Brick in Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Inhalant abusers of these chlorinated hydrocarbons have been labeled as “solvent sniffers.” However, reports of hepatic toxicity involve cases not only of inhalational abuse but also of occupational exposure and suicide attempts (Thiele, Eigenbrodt, and Ware, 1982). The histopathologic liver damage associated with certain chlorinated hydrocarbon poisonings is centrolobular hepatic necrosis. This histopathologic pattern is also the pattern seen with severe acetaminophen (Tylenol) and poisonous mushroom (Amanita phalloides) toxicity. In all three poisonings (e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons, acetaminophen, and Amanita phalloides), the liver damage occurs secondary to toxic metabolites produced during metabolism of the parent compounds by the cytochrome p450 system. Tetrachloroethylene, the chlorinated hydrocarbon used presently in most dry-cleaning industries, has rarely been reported to cause liver damage (Wax, 1997). Mothball abuse has also been reported to cause abnormal mild elevations of the hepatic transaminases (Kong and Schmiesing, 2004).
Rationale and technique of malaria control
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles in Essential Malariology, 2017
Like all chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT has a short effect when used as a larvicide: the insecticide is diluted or washed away or absorbed by mud and vegetation. Today, the use of all chlorinated hydrocarbons as larvicides is frowned upon because of their persistence in the environment due to low biodegradability. The water-dispersible powder of DDT for the residual spraying of houses contains 50–75 per cent of active substance; the higher content of the insecticide is preferable for a number of reasons, mainly economic.
AK-1, a Sirt2 inhibitor, alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Zixiong Zhou, Jing Qi, Jong-Won Kim, Myung-jo You, Chae Woong Lim, Bumseok Kim
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is widely used in various industries as a solvent. It is also used in medicine as a vermifuge to treat hookworm disease (Palmer 2010). Nowadays, CCl4 is widely used to induce ALI and chronic liver injury animal models for screening hepatoprotective drugs. Prolonged administration of CCl4 causes fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatic carcinoma (Wernke and Schell 2004). CCl4 is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2e1 and other CYP450 enzymes, to form trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl peroxy radicals, which in turn induce oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and hepatic injury (Basu 2003). Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative stress might be a pivotal originating factor in the pathogenesis of CCl4-induced ALI (Mozdzan et al. 2005; Chiu et al. 2018).
Kupffer cell inactivation ameliorates immune liver injury via TNF-α/TNFR1 signal pathway in trichloroethylene sensitized mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Jia-Xiang Zhang, Qiong-Ying Xu, Yi Yang, Na Li, Yan Zhang, Li-Hua Deng, Qi-Xing Zhu, Tong Shen
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is an organic solvent that is used for degreasing and removing impurities from metal parts [1,2]. TCE is also widely used as a chemical intermediate and extractant in chemical, dry-cleaning and textile industries [3]. Workers exposed to TCE were suffered from occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis due to TCE (OMLDT), also called TCE hypersensitivity syndrome (THS), which was characterized by fever, generalized rash, liver dysfunction and superficial lymphadenopathy [4]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified trichloroethylene as group I carcinogen in 2012 [5]. Meanwhile, TCE has been identified with immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity [6,7]. In past 30 years, TCE induced hypersensitivity syndrome had gradually become one of the serious occupational health injury in China. In our previous studies, we found that the immune liver was induced by TCE in BALB/c mouse model, which indicated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was increased significantly in serum and liver and took an important role in immune liver injury. But the exact effect of the TNF-α in immune liver injury induced by TCE was not revealed yet.
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Comparing these results with the results of this study, we find a higher range of carbendazim between 0.07 (Ma’an) and 0.29 mg/kg (Karak), and higher range of imidacloprid between 0.22 (Karak) and 0.42 mg/kg (Aqaba). Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and DDT were not detected in our study. Mustafa et al. (1997) took soil samples from three zones in the Central Jordan Valley to evaluate the range of contamination with pesticides. Several pesticides belonging to different groups, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides such as the DDT family and cyclodienes, were detected. In zone I, most of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides occurred in open fields cultivated with tomatoes at a depth of 30–60 cm, at 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone II, and at 0–15 and 30–60 cm in zone III. When considering pesticide residues under plastic house conditions cultivated with tomatoes, most of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues were detected at a depth of 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone I; at 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm in zone II; and at 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone III of the Central Jordan Valley (Mustafa et al.1997).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alkaloid
- Alkane
- Alkylation
- Organic Compound
- Terpene
- Chlorine
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
- Halogenation
- Leaving Group
- Natural Product