Medicinal Plants of India and Their Antimicrobial Property
Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi in Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Antifungal activity of medicinal plants also varies with concentration. Very good antifungal activity of various concentration of methanolic extract of Saraca indica was reported against Alternaria cajani, Helminthosporium sp., Bipolaris sp., Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp by Dabur et al. (2007). Furthermore, extracts of medicinal plants are also found to inhibit the noxious toxin production by fungi. Essential oil of Curcuma longa were evaluated at different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5% (v/v) against Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production and reported that oil at 1.0% and 1.5% exhibited excellent inhibitory effect on toxin production by fungi (Sindhu et al., 2011). Contrary to this, Parekh and Chanda (2008) evaluated in vitro antifungal activity of nine Indian medicinal plants against pathogenic yeasts and molds and found that activity was not concentration dependent it varies from plant to plant. Kumar et al. (2007) reported that Chenopodium ambrosioides oil exhibits anti-aflatoxigenic property. Likewise, Ocimum sanctum L. has also been documented for their antifungal activity and anti-aflatoxigenic activity (Kumar et al., 2010).
Monographs of Chemicals Not Used as Fragrances Per Se But Present as Allergens in Botanical Products Used as Fragrances
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Ascaridole per se is not used as a fragrance material, but is discussed here as it is a constituent of botanical products which may be applied in perfumery, notably Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) leaf oil. Next to tea tree oil, the best known source of ascaridole is Chenopodium ambrosioides (24). The essential oil of C. ambrosioides contains 40–70% ascaridole, and was formerly used as an anthelminthic. Because of its toxicity, this oil is no longer used in humans (7). Another potential source of ascaridole, boldo leaf (Peumus boldus Molina) is used as a herbal remedy for various conditions (7). Boldo leaf essential oil is banned from use in cosmetics (prohibited by IFRA: www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards-library), and its use as a herbal remedy is discouraged, in view of the potential risks associated with the toxicity of ascaridole (11).
Native Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Nervous System Ailments in Chile and the Current State of Its Scientific Studies
José L. Martinez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Mahendra Rai in Ethnobotany, 2019
A total of 30 native plants were determined with reported use for any condition related to the nervous system: Acaena magellanica, Aristotelia chilensis, Buddleja globosa, Centaurium cachanlahuen, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Fabiana imbricata, Parastrephia lepidophylla, Proustia pyrifolia, Quillaja saponaria, Salix chilensis Molina (it is synonymy of Salix humboldtiana Willd) and Ugni molinae with analgesic or antinociceptive activities; Artemisia copa, Azara microphylla, Cryptantha hispida, Fabiana imbricata, Lampayo officinalis, Latua pubiflora, Oenothera acaulis, Peumus boldus, Salix chilensis, Sophora macnabiana and Wahlenbergia linarioides for nerve disorders including sedative, anxiolytic, antidepressant and analgesic activities; Araucaria araucana, Laurelia sempervirens, Peumus boldus, Salix chilensis, Solanum ligustrinum and Maytenus boaria to treat internal, dental, rheumatic or menstrual pain, as well as neuralgia or headache; Lysimachia serrulana, Salix chilensis and Sphacele salviae to treat paralysis; Artemisia copa and Baccharis linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (it is synonym of Baccharis rosmarinifolia Hook. & Arn.) to treat convulsions; Chenopodium ambrosioides and Salix chilensis for intestinal cramps; Latua pubiflora with narcotic activity; Geum quellyon and Senecio eriophyton to treat impotence or contribute to the erection; Senecio eriophyton and Chenopodium ambrosioides as stimulant or for fatigue treatment; Senecio eriophyton as aphrodisiac and to chills (Fig. 14.1, Table 14.1). Some adverse effects (toxic, carcinogenic and respiratory) were reported for Chenopodium ambrosioides, Laurelia sempervirens and Solanum ligustrinum (Muñoz et al. 1999).
Sleep-promoting activity of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome water extract via GABAA receptors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yejin Ahn, Singeun Kim, Chunwoong Park, Jung Eun Kim, Hyung Joo Suh, Kyungae Jo
Medicinal herbs are the most common alternatives for improving sleep disorders. They have been used for many years, have fewer side effects, and are considered safe. Herbs that have shown to improve sleep disorders through oral administration include ashwagandha [Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanaceae)], hops [Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabinaceae)], lemon balm [Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)], German chamomile [Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae)], valerian [Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae)] and lettuce [Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)] (Kim et al. 2018; Borras et al. 2021; Jo et al. 2021a). Additionally, sleep-promoting and sedative effects of essential oil from leaves of Dysphania ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae) (Dougnon and Ito 2021) and Pogostemon cablin Benth. (Lamiaceae) (Ito et al. 2016), respectively, via inhalation, have been reported. The sedative effect of methanol extract of Dorstenia arifolia Lam. (Moraceae) was also confirmed through intraperitoneal injection in a mouse model (Zapata-Sudo et al. 2010). Therefore, these results suggest that herbal medicines can exhibit beneficial effects through various routes such as oral, inhalation and intraperitoneal.
Bio-efficacy and physiological effects of Eucalyptus globulus and Allium sativum essential oils against Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Morteza Shahriari, Arash Zibaee, Leila Shamakhi, Najmeh Sahebzadeh, Diana Naseri, Hassan Hoda
Allelochemicals produced by plants have been recognized as the important exogenous resource that generated free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Wei et al. 2015). Overproduction of ROSs, such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and single oxygen resulted in oxidative stress of insects which may causes by natural or artifacts factors e.g. chemicals (Ahmad and Pardini 1990, Lukasik 2007). Oxidative stress ultimately leads to lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and DNA damage (Dubovskiy et al. 2008). SOD, POX and CAT are the three antioxidant enzymes to protect insect tissues against oxidative stress. SOD is located in mitochondria and cytosol that catalyzes dismutation of toxic superoxide radicals (O2−) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2). Thereafter, H2O2 converted to H2O and O2 by CAT and POX present in cytosol (Barbehenn 2002, Dubovskiy et al. 2008). In our study, activities of SOD, CAT and POX significantly increased in the EOs-fed larvae compared to control highlighting their induction due to oxidative stress and removing products of ROS in tissues of EOs-treated E. kuehniella larvae. Similar results were found on effects of α-pinene, trans-anethole, and thymol on the larvae of E. kuehniella (Shahriari et al. 2018). Wei et al. (2015) reported that contact and fumigant toxicities of Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) and constituents (p-cymene and α-terpinene) led to higher activities of SOD, CAT, and POX against P. xylostella. The authors concluded that inhibition of POX may be due to the low level of ROS in the tissues for induction of this enzyme. Lin et al. (2018) demonstrated that saponin extracted tea led to the higher activities of SOD, CAT, and POX in the midgut of third instar larvae of P. xylostella. Moreover, Dhivya et al. (2018) demonstrated significant higher activities of SOD and CAT in S. litura exposed to hexane extract of Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae).
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