History-taking model
Kaji Sritharan, Vivian A Elwell, Sachi Sivananthan in Essential OSCE Topics for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2007
Points to note This patient has had an upper gastrointestinal bleed.Aspirin needs to be stopped.He needs adequate oxygen (high flow).He needs to be given adequate fluids and blood.He needs proton pump inhibitor (PPI) infusion at the start and then regular PPIs.He needs painkillers.You may want to prescribe antibiotics - cefuroxime and metronidazole.You want to give him Heliclear or a combination of PPI and antibiotics to treat H. pylori.
Clinical Assessment, Investigation and Treatment of Renal Disease in Africa: A Practical Guide for Primary Care Physicians
Meguid El Nahas in Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
Infections (including urinary tract infections). In uncomplicated urinary tract infection, give oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 3 to 5 days. An alternative is a 5-day course of oral cefuroxime in a dose of 125 mg twice daily. It is useful to have the results of “dipstick” urine analysis before treatment because in patients who are not systemically unwell unnecessary treatment can be avoided by the finding of negative routine urine analysis.
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Caroline Ashley, Aileen Dunleavy, John Cunningham in The Renal Drug Handbook, 2018
After oral administration cefuroxime axetil is rapidly hydrolysed in the intestinal mucosa and blood to release active cefuroxime. Cefuroxime is excreted unchanged in the urine, 50% by glomerular filtration and 50% by renal tubular secretion. Probenecid competes for renal tubular secretion with cefuroxime resulting in higher and more prolonged plasma concentrations of cefuroxime. Small amounts of cefuroxime are excreted in bile.
Postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a worldwide review of etiology, incidence and the most studied prophylaxis measures
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2019
Andrzej Grzybowski, Jagger C. Koerner, Mary J. George
Cefuroxime is a cephalosporin antibiotic, these antibiotics contain a B-lactam ring and inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting cell wall synthesis, like other B-lactam drugs such as penicillin. The cephalosporins are divided into five groups, loosely based on antimicrobial activity. First generation cephalosporins have significant activity against gram-positive bacteria and less activity against gram negative bacteria. Second generation cephalosporins have increased activity against gram negative bacteria while maintaining varying degrees of activity against gram positive bacteria, and so on. Cefuroxime’s MIC 50%/90% for Staphylococcus epidermidis is 2/>32 ug/ml, for Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin sensitive) it is 1/2 ug/ml, and for Streptococcus viridans 0.12/0.50 ug/ml. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to cefuroxime, and the MIC 90% for Staphylococcus epidermidis is high, though similar to most other cephalosporins. The new fifth generation cephalosporins have excellent coverage and MIC 90% of less than 2 ug/ml for these organisms. Coverage is poor for some gram-negative organisms such as Pseudomonas and limited for Enterococci; even the new 5th generation ceftaroline has a MIC 90% of 128 ug/ml for Pseudomonas [43,49]. No reports of the fifth generation cephalosporins, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline, used intracamerally were identified.
The effects of some antibiotics from cephalosporin groups on the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes activities in different tissues of rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Fikret Türkan, Zübeyir Huyut, Parham Taslimi, İlhami Gülçin
Antibiotics have been used for the total destruction of particular pathogenic bacteria in immunocompetent animals (Thu et al. 2012). This procedure, defined as elective decontamination, has been more significantly applied to rabbits, mice, rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and dogs, may be germfree by decontamination (Talpaert et al. 2011). Cefazolin is the first production of cephalosporin compounds, which is used as a therapy for extensive range of bacterial infections (Sun et al. 2012). They work by hampering the generation of the cell wall and belong to a class of antibiotics determined as bactericidal (Swann et al. 1969). The antibiotic can also be used as a therapy for bacterial infections comprising the urinary tract, respiratory tract, joints, bones, stomach (Tita et al.2009). Cefuroxime is efficient against an extensive variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Lang et al. 1990). Cephalosporins slow or stop the growth of bacterial cells by hampering bacteria from generating the cell wall that sieges each cell (Monden et al.1986). Cefoperazone is active against Streptococcus pneumoniae and all beta-hemolytic streptococci and is comparatively inactive against enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Chaudhary and Aggarwal 2004).
Uptake and pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in rabbits after intravitreal, intracameral, and topical dosing: relevance to human ocular injection of cefuroxime
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Ravi Kumar Jairam, Sadanand R. Mallurwar, Bhavesh B. Gabani, Ashok Zakkula, Vinay Kiran, Sreekanth Dittakavi, Suresh P. Sulochana, Zainuddin Mohd, Nuggehally R. Srinivas, Ramesh Mullangi
Richards et al. (1979) have unequivocally demonstrated the attainment of significant levels of cefuroxime in AH in the eye following IV or intramuscular administration of cefuroxime to patients that underwent routine cataract extraction procedure. Comparison of the human AH data after the parenteral administration of 1–1.5 g of cefuroxime (1 to 4 h) to our study results suggested that after a relatively small dose of cefuroxime given locally to the eye via IVT (100 µg) or IC (40 µg), a >10-fold higher tissue localization of cefuroxime in AH was evident in rabbits as compared to the human eye following parenteral administration of cefuroxime (Supplementary Figure 6). Based on the current findings, it appears that IC doses of 9 mg into human eye (Wong et al., 2015) may achieve significant concentrations of cefuroxime in the localized tissues including AH which may be sustained for a longer duration. Therefore, it is possible that such high localized concentrations of cefuroxime can prevent bacterial infections. However, it is likely such high localized concentrations of cefuroxime would be detrimental for the normal functioning of the eye as observed in the safety findings of reported studies (Kamal-Salah et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibiotic
- Cephalosporin
- Meningitis
- Otitis Media
- Pneumonia
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Lyme Disease
- Pathogenic Bacteria
- Sepsis
- Intravenous Therapy