Glycerine Analysis
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
For glycerine samples that are basic to phenolphthalein in 10% aqueous solution: Two to 5 g of glycerine is ashed at 500°C. The ash, consisting of sodium oxide from sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium soaps is titrated with sulfuric acid and reported as “total alkalinity,” in units of % sodium oxide.Barium chloride is added to a fresh sample to precipitate carbonates and soaps, and an aliquot of the clear supernatant solution is titrated with hydrochloric acid. This gives the amount of sodium hydroxide in the sample, reported as “free caustic alkalinity,” in units of % sodium oxide.Another sample is neutralized with sulfuric acid. This converts carbonate to carbon dioxide, which is then removed by boiling. The sample is then titrated to a phenolphthalein endpoint to give the amount of soap present, expressed as “alkalinity combined with organic acids,” in units of % sodium oxide.Carbonate content is calculated by deducting hydroxide (2, above) and soap (from 3, above) from total alkalinity (1, above)
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A 43-year-old man accidentally splashed caustic soda in his right eye. The eye was immediately rinsed with water, and subsequently treated with atropine eye drops, corticosteroid eye drops and antibiotic ointment. Three months later, the patient received penicillamine eye drops, which caused severe edema and redness of the upper and lower eyelids. Because of corneal vascularization and ulceration, a cornea transplantation and lens extraction, with implantation of an artificial lens, was performed. Treatment with indomethacin, atropine and chloramphenicol eye drops seemed to cause an allergic reaction. Patch testing showed positive reactions to atropine sulfate 1% water and d-penicillamine 1%, 2.5% and 3% water (3). Twenty-one controls were negative.
Ethnic Hair Care Products
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
When the active ingredient (sodium hydroxide) present in lye relaxers is replaced by freshly prepared guanidine hydroxide, these relaxers are called “no-lye relaxers.” The irritation potential of no-lye relaxers is significantly lower than lye relaxers containing sodium hydroxide. No-lye relaxers are generally available in two components. Component A is usually a cream containing calcium hydroxide, water, oils, emulsifiers, and thickeners. Component B is a concentrated solution of guanidine carbonate. Upon mixing Component A and Component B, guanidine hydroxide is produced according to the chemical equation shown below:
Absence of Therapeutic Benefit of the Anti-Inflammatory Protein TSG-6 for Corneal Alkali Injury in a Rat Model
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Hosoon Choi, Casie Phillips, Joo Youn Oh, Luke Potts, Roxanne L. Reger, Darwin J. Prockop, Samuel Fulcher
Ocular chemical burns account for approximately 7–18% of all ocular traumas and may cause irreversible vision loss depending on the severity of the injury.1 Alkaline (strong basic) or acidic solutions cause most severe injuries, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent the short- and long-term debilitating sequelae.1,2 Alkaline agents tend to cause more damage compared to acidic agents.3 Commonly encountered alkalis include: ammonia (found in fertilizers and cleaning agents), sodium hydroxide (lye; found in drain cleaners), and calcium hydroxide (lime; in cement, plaster, and mortar).4,5 The severity of damage by alkaline agents is subject to the concentration and pH of agents as well as the exposure time and contacted area of ocular surface and tissue.6–8 The progression and the recovery of injury mainly depend on the extent of damage to corneal, limbal, and conjunctival tissues.9 For treatment purpose, alkali ocular injuries are classified based on two clinical endpoints: (1) the extent (area) of injury at the limbus, and (2) the degree of injury (area and depth) to the cornea.9,10
UV activation of hydrogen peroxide for removal of azithromycin antibiotic from aqueous solution: determination of optimum conditions by response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rouhollah Shokri, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Ali Akbar Babaei, Ehsan Derikvand, Ali Almasi
This experimental study was performed as batch on the synthetic sewage (Figure 1) containing the azithromycin antibiotic of more than 99% purity which was obtained from Merck Co., Germany, Safirazma Company of Iran. In this study, the effect of independent variables: (A) azithromycin concentration (2, 6, and 10 mg/L), (B) contact time (30, 45, and 60 min), (C) pH (3, 6, and 9), and (D) hydrogen peroxide concentration (2, 6, and 10 mg/L) on the efficiency of azithromycin removal in the UV/H2O2 was investigated through using the RSM and central composite design (CCD) (Mousavi et al. 2015). The experiments were performed in a 500 cc Pyrex container equipped with an 8-watt low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (Philips, Germany, Safirazma Company of Iran), 254 nm wavelength and 1.02mW/cm2 intensity covered in the pod quartz placed in the reactor center. The pH regulation was done using 1 normal caustic soda and sulfuric acid. To assess the azithromycin removal as response, 1 cm3 of 0.01 molar potassium permanganate solution and 1 cm3 of 0.1 molar potassium carbonate solution was initially added to a 10 cm3 sample. Then, they were mixed well and the solution was taken to volume using the distilled water. Ultimately, the absorption was read by the UV/VIS spectrophotometer (UV2100, Unico, America) at 547 nm wavelength (Jayanna et al. 2012). According to the interaction factor in three levels with four factors based on the central composite design (CCD), the total number of experiments in RSM was equal to 30 runs (6 central points, 6 repetitive points in the center, 9 axial points and 9 factorial points) (Table 1). The ANOVA analysis was done at 0.05 significance level, the azithromycin removal model was determined and the optimum operational conditions were processed. The charts were also plotted using the CCD (Godini et al. 2017).