Autonomic Neuropathy and the Heart in Diabetes
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla in Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are integrated and are complementary; both of these take part in the intricate regulation of cardiac functions, ensuring a proper adjustment of the functioning of the heart. In the normal person the most important nervous control of heart is parasympathetic which is mainly active during the calm, steady, and homeostatic state whereas the sympathetic system is concerned with mobilization of energy during emergency and stressful situations. Heart rate variation during deep breathing is another method of evaluating parasympathetic integrity in the diabetic patient. Catecholamine response to exercise is blunted in patients with slight autonomic neuropathy and possibly even more impaired in patients with severe neuropathy. Autonomic dysfunction is a frequent complication of diabetes and both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system appear to be involved. Elevated levels of plasma norepinephrine may have some bearing on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction in diabetes.
Testosterone in Sport
Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi in Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Testosterone is one of a number of naturally occurring androgens. It is a steroid hormone released primarily by the Leydig cells in the testes, and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. It serves as the primary male sex hormone and plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and the promotion of secondary sexual characteristics, such as the growth of body hair. The hormonal response to endurance exercise has been studied for many years, predominantly using either running or cycling as the mode of exercise. Unsurprisingly, moderate- to high-intensity endurance exercise leads to increases in hormones that typically respond to stressful situations, such as cortisol, growth hormone and the catecholamines. With regards to extreme endurance exercise, it is important to consider the role the environment plays, as thermal conditions can increase the physical exertion. Athletes, particularly ultra-endurance athletes, often find themselves competing in extreme environmental conditions such as hot or cold and dry climates.
Exercise and Infection
Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger in Exercise and Disease, 2020
Several types of infectious diseases affect athletes, often because they perform in an environment in which certain pathogenic microorganisms are particularly widespread, or, due to the type of sport, abrasions or other tissue injuries are more likely. Many athletes feel that while their regular training programs promote resistance to respiratory tract infections, the actual competitive event increases their risk. Psychological factors may also play an important role in the relationship between exercise and respiratory infection. Exercise is a form of physiological stress, varying according to the intensity and duration of the training program. In particular, exercise-induced elevations in plasma catecholamines and glucocorticoids are of interest, because these hormones have been shown to effect immune function. The acute response of the immune system to psychological stressors is, in many ways, similar to those that occur in response to acute exercise.
Tianeptine Influence on Plasmatic Catecholamine Levels and Anxiety Index in Rats Under Variable Chronic Stress After Early Maternal Separation
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2009
Verónica Trujillo, María Lujan Masseroni, Gloria Levin, Marta Magdalena Suárez
The aim of this work was to determine the effect of chronic treatment with 5 mg/kg of tianeptine in male adult Wistar rats separated from the mother as neonates and submitted to variable chronic stress, plasma catecholamines, and anxiety. The plus maze test was performed in order to calculate the anxiety index and catecholamine levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Both stress and maternal separation elevated catecholamine levels without affecting anxiety. In the maternally separated stress group, tianeptine decreased epinephrine. Anxiety was reduced in the maternally separated unstressed tianeptine group. Also, all groups showed a tendency to lower anxiety index.
Leisure activities, caregiving demands and catecholamine levels in dementia caregivers
Published in Psychology & Health, 2012
Elizabeth Chattillion, Brent Mausbach, Susan Roepke, Roland von Känel, Paul Mills, Joel Dimsdale, Matthew Allison, Michael Ziegler, Thomas Patterson, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Igor Grant
This study examined whether satisfaction from leisure activities moderates the relationship between caregiving demands (i.e., hours per day spent caring for a spouse with dementia) and resting levels of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). Spousal caregivers (n = 107; mean age = 73.95 ± 8.12 years) were assessed in home for plasma levels of NE and EPI, amount of care provided, and leisure satisfaction. Regression was used to determine whether leisure satisfaction moderated the relationship between hours providing care per day and catecholamine levels. A significant interaction was found between hours caregiving and leisure satisfaction for NE, but not for EPI. Post hoc regressions were conducted for both NE and EPI. At low leisure satisfaction, time spent caring for a spouse was positively associated with plasma NE (β = 0.41; p = 0.005) and EPI (β = 0.44; p = 0.003). In contrast, at high levels of satisfaction, time caregiving was not significantly associated with plasma NE (β = –0.08; p = 0.57) or EPI (β = 0.23; p = 0.12). These findings suggest that leisure satisfaction may protect caregivers from increases in catecholamines, which have been implicated in cardiovascular risk. Further support for these findings may impact psychological treatments for distressed caregivers.
Urinary thrombomodulin and catecholamine levels are interrelated in healthy volunteers immersed in cold and warm water
Published in Temperature, 2016
Lasse Pakanen, Tiina Pääkkönen, Tiina M Ikäheimo, Hannu Rintamäki, Juhani Leppäluoto, Helena Kaija, Marja-Leena Kortelainen, Arja Rautio, Katja Porvari
Severe hypothermia has been shown to influence the levels of catecholamines and thrombomodulin, an endothelial protein essentially involved in the regulation of haemostasis and inflammation. A link between thrombomodulin and catecholamines during cold exposure has also been previously suggested. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of short-term cold exposure without hypothermia on catecholamines and the circulating and urinary thrombomodulin levels. Seven healthy male subjects were immersed in cold water (+10°C) for 10 minutes followed by a 20-minute immersion in +28°C water. Warm water immersion was performed separately for each subject (+30°C for 30 minutes). Thrombomodulin and catecholamine concentrations were measured from pre- and post-immersion (up to 23 hours) samples. In urine, the thrombomodulin level correlated strongly with adrenaline (ρ = 0.806) and noradrenaline (ρ = 0.760) levels. There were no significant differences in thrombomodulin levels between immersion temperatures. Post-immersion urinary thrombomodulin levels were significantly lower than the pre-immersion level at both immersion temperatures. Median concentrations of plasma noradrenaline and urinary adrenaline were higher after exposure to +10°C than to +30°C. Thus, further evidence of the association between thrombomodulin and catecholamines was gained in a physiologically relevant setting in humans. Additionally, it is evident that a short-term cold exposure was not able to elicit changes in the thrombomodulin levels in a follow-up period of up to 23 hours. These findings provide further understanding of the physiological responses to cold during immersion, and of the potential influence of stress on haemostatic and inflammatory responses.
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