Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga in The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
In addition to, a flavonoid such as quercetin and saponin was isolated from the T. sinensis leaf extract and liquor ice roots, respectively [80, 81] showed strong antiviral activity against the SARS coronavirus. These compounds stop the cellular attachment and prevent the entry of virus to the human cell. More than 10,000 different compounds like drugs, natural, and synthetic are screened, and these compounds showed the effect results against the SARS coronavirus [82]. Indole alkaloids and were isolated from eucalyptus, L. japonica and Rauwolfia and from chestnut tree, respectively inhibited aescin the SARS coronavirus replication [82]. RNA dependent RNA polymerase is the major enzyme in the replication of SARS coronavirus, which synthesized the positive and negative strand of coronavirus RNA. A toxic steroid-like cardenolides were obtained from the plant and swine testicular cells inhibited the gastro entry of coronavirus [83]. These results showed that toxic cardenolide reduce the 50% RNA copies and suppress the viral replication [83].
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Convallatoxin (Figure 8.18) is a cardiac glycoside, as well as a cardenolide, was extracted from the plant Covallaria majalis. (Schneider et al., 2017). A glycoside is a compound in which a sugar derivative is chemically bonded with a non-sugar group whereas cardenolide is a plant-derived steroid (Schneider et al., 2017). Since heart is the major site of action of convallatoxin (cardiac glycoside), it is simply recognized as cardenolide glycoside (Hi et al., 2010). Convallatoxin has analogs but all are not equally potent in CVDs. Cardiac glycosides are normally used for congestive heart failure and for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation (Hi et al., 2010). These compounds also inhibit cancer cell replication. Convallotoxin demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in many tumor cells at nano molar concentrations in vitro, and showed a low toxicity for healthy cells.
Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
Azamal Husen in Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
The aqueous extracts of A. marmelos leaves have shown significant cardioprotective effect as experimentally evident in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats (Ramachandra et al., 2012). Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxic mice were protected by the hydroalcoholic extract of bael (Jagetia and Venkatesh, 2015). Aurapten, a phytoconstituent of the bael fruit, imparts cardioprotective ability to A. marmelos (Jhajhria and Kumar, 2016). Periplogenin, a cardenolide phytochemical constituent of A. marmelos, is effective against doxorubicin-induced cardiac disorder and hepatotoxicity in rats (Panda and Kar, 2009).
The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mai H. ElNaggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Fatma M. Abdel Bar
Steroids are a group of natural products biosynthesized from the isoprenoid pathway via the 2,3-oxidosqualene (C30) route. Cardenolides are cardioactive steroidal lactones with a 5-membered (furanones) or 6-membered (pyranone) ring at C-17. They are naturally present free or glycosylated with mono- or multi-sugar moieties. Several families are known for their high cardenolides content, such as Asclepidaceae, Apocynaceae, and others72. However, only one report on cardenolides from the Amaranthaceae family has been described. It addressed the isolation of five cardenolides, salsotetragonin 2.1, calactin 2.2, 12-dehydroxyghalakinoside 2.3, desglucouzarin 2.4, and uzarigenin 2.5 from the Algerian plant, Salsola tetragona Delile, Figure 350. Other reported steroids comprised several phytosterols with diversity in the alkyl side chains at C-17, including campesterol 2.6, cholesterol 2.7, and desmosterol 2.8 from S. collina73, β-sitosterol 2.9, stigmastanol 2.10, and stigmasterol 2.11, in addition to a combined phytosterol, stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 2.12 from the aerial parts of S. inermis51.
Toxicity and anti-prolific properties of Xysmalobium undulatum water extract during short-term exposure to two-dimensional and three-dimensional spheroid cell cultures
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Carlemi Calitz, Josias H. Hamman, Alvaro M. Viljoen, Stephen J. Fey, Krzysztof Wrzesinski, Chrisna Gouws
This correlates well with data regarding plant extracts containing cardenolides, such as the major active constituent uzarin that is present in the prepared crude Uzara aqueous extract. Krishna and associates (2015) indicated that cardenolides found in plant material are ligands for Na+/K+-ATPase responsible for signaling various cascades that affects numerous targets, including the mitochondria, and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade leading to apoptosis. It also results in a blockage of the NF-kB signal, resulting in anti-proliferating capabilities as suggested by the 2D protein concentrations and spheroid growth inhibition in the 3D model. However, cardenolides have been shown to have different modes of action in normal cells, in that it stimulates proliferation and inhibits cell death (Khrisna et al. 2015).
Novel methods of self-poisoning: repeated cardenolide poisoning after accessing Cerbera odollam seeds via the internet
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Henry Fok, Punitha Victor, Sally Bradberry, Michael Eddleston
She was seen again on two further occasions within the next six months after committing identical suicide acts. She purchased the seeds online and collected them in the post office near the psychiatric hospital. On both of these occasions, however, she vomited the seeds within a few hours of ingestion, which appeared to limit the total amount of cardenolide absorbed, and was associated with less persistent symptoms, less severe serum potassium rises, and a shorter duration of arrhythmia. She remained haemodynamically stable on both occasions. She was treated with one dose of Digifab 120 mg as a precaution at the start of her second visit due to evidence of second degree heart block, but this was not repeated thereafter as the arrhythmia did not recur. She was discharged back to the psychiatric hospital following much shorter admissions.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Butenolide
- Cardiac Arrest
- Cardiac Glycoside
- Steroid
- Toxicity
- Glycoside
- Sodium–Potassium Pump
- Acetyldigitoxin
- Α-Acetyldigoxin
- Cymarin