The South Beach Diet
Caroline Apovian, Elizabeth Brouillard, Lorraine Young in Clinical Guide to Popular Diets, 2018
The South Beach Diet recommends choosing carbohydrates that are low on the glycemic index. Currently, there is no standard definition of a low-glycemic index or low-glycemic load diet. The glycemic index classifies the quality of carbohydrates and includes a rating system based on the rise in blood glucose levels two hours after consumption. A low-glycemic index diet has not been associated with increased weight loss.7 The European Food Safety Authority claims there is insufficient scientific evidence to support low-glycemic index diets as a weight management strategy. A meta-analysis conducted on 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 202 subjects who were randomly assigned to dietary interventions with durations varying between five weeks or six months showed that a low-glycemic index diet had a greater effect on weight loss than a high-glycemic index diet. However, the studies did not adjust for potential confounders such as protein or total fiber so this data has limitations for interpretation.11 Last, in the recent position paper from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for Interventions for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, the data was poor to support a low-glycemic index diet for weight management without also providing caloric restriction.12
Nutrition and Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett in Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
It is a common misconception that elevated blood sugars are the result of consumption of sugar and that sugar should therefore be avoided by patients with diabetes. It was demonstrated in 1986 that the substitution of sucrose for complex carbohydrate does not result in deterioration of glycemic control [35]. Despite this knowledge, the American Diabetes Association has only recently taken the position that sucrose and other sugars can be incorporated into the diet of patients with diabetes as long as it is substituted for other carbohydrates [36]. In fact, terms like “simple sugars,” “complex carbohydrates,” and “fast-acting sugars” are now discouraged from use [37]. One exception is the use of sugar-based beverages which have a high GL and are deficient in micronutrients. The recommended overall intake of carbohydrate is 45–55% of total calories. Low-carbohydrate diets are not recommended for people with diabetes because carbohydrate-containing foods are an important source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and energy [38].
Nutrition
Hilary McClafferty in Integrative Pediatrics, 2017
Carbohydrates make up a relatively high percent of the pediatric diet and are needed to provide ready fuel to support growth and physical activity. The quality of carbohydrates is important and is determined in part by the fiber content of the food. The proportion of fiber determines the effects of the carbohydrate on blood glucose. This effect is often compared using the glycemic index, a measure of the rise in blood glucose caused by the food in a 2-hour time frame as compared to a control of 50 grams of pure glucose. Glycemic load is another measurement used to categorize carbohydrate quality. Glycemic load is defined as the glycemic index multiplied by grams of available carbohydrate divided by 100 (GL = GI × g/100). Both glycemic index and glycemic load estimate the impact of carbohydrates on insulin levels, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers. Large, longitudinal population surveys have shown that diets high in glycemic index/glycemic load (sugary, lower fiber) are associated with a significantly higher risk of type-2 diabetes in adults (Bhupathiraju et al. 2014), and increasingly children, especially as they enter puberty (Reinehr 2013).
Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Xinyuan Zhang, Zhigang Zhang, Ningshao Xia, Qinjian Zhao
For decades, efforts have been made to develop vaccine adjuvants. It has been a long journey for these vaccine adjuvants from the bench to patients. Factors such as the compatibility, stability, effectiveness and complexity of the manufacturing process are considered [2,4]. Carbohydrates widely exist in nature and are important components in organisms. Carbohydrates expressed on cellular glycoproteins, glycolipids and secretions of cells are essential in cell signaling [102]. Carbohydrates regulate cell adhesion, recognition, migration, morphogenesis and differentiation [103–105]. Therefore, the presence of carbohydrates in NPs increases their biocompatibility. Carbohydrate-containing NPs integrate better into the physiological environment than NPs without carbohydrate modifications. Thus, carbohydrate-containing NPs could easily access immune cells, which may enhance cellular uptake. In addition, compared to inorganic NPs, carbohydrate chains and branches increase the fluidity and pliability of carbohydrate-containing NPs, facilitating the cellular uptake of vaccine/antigen particles. Dynamic remodeling of the NP surface and lateral diffusion increase the contact area with APCs [106]. The increased interaction with APCs leads to enhanced uptake of carbohydrate-containing NPs along with antigens, which enables the presentation of antigens and the induction of the immune response. Moreover, carbohydrate chains and branches also increase the looseness and surface area of NPs, which endow both the adsorption of antigens and adhesion to the immune cell surface.
The sialoglycan-Siglec glyco-immune checkpoint – a target for improving innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Anne Bärenwaldt, Heinz Läubli
Carbohydrates belong to the basic macromolecules of living organisms. While other macromolecules such as DNA and proteins are well characterized due to a broad general availability of analytical methods, carbohydrates and carbohydrate-conjugates (glycans) are much less studied. Glycans are chains of carbohydrates that are attached to proteins or lipids or they can be secreted into the extracellular matrix as long chains of glycosaminoglycans [1,2]. They are diverse structures that are discriminated by the composition, anomeric form, linkage, branching and substitution of their monosaccharides. Attachment of glycans to proteins occurs at the nitrogen of asparagine (N-glycans) or at the oxygen of serine or threonine (O-glycans). Glycans can be used to store energy, as structural basis (glycocalyx) and to store information (glycocode) [3]. Glycans can thereby significantly influence cell–cell interactions by engagement of carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of interactions mediated by sialic acid (Sia)-containing glycans (sialoglycans) with a receptor system binding to these sialoglycans, i.e. the Sia-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) family of receptors. We focus on the role of this interaction in anti-cancer immunity and ways how to exploit this interaction for cancer immunotherapy.
Dietary intake as a cardiovascular risk factor: a cross-sectional study of bank employees in Accra
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020
Ivy Priscilla Frimpong, Matilda Asante, Aloysius Nwabugo Maduforo
In the prevention and control of diet-related chronic disease, it is recommended that an individual's nutrient intake should be within established recommended dietary intake levels.5 According to the nutrient goals, fats, protein and carbohydrate consumption should contribute 15–30%, 10–15% and 55–75% of the total calories per day respectively. The findings of this study shows that the bank employees were consuming more fat (32%) compared with the WHO's recommendation of 15–30% nutrient goals for good health.5 In the DASH guideline, it is recommended that fat should not exceed 27% of total energy intake per day.12 A high fat intake has detrimental effects on health.12 Clinical trials have provided evidence suggesting that reduction or modification of dietary fat intake reduces the incidence of combined cardiovascular events by 16% (rate ratio 0.84; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99).15 Other studies have also shown that higher fat intakes modify the body’s metabolism in ways that favour fat accumulation.16,17 It has been reported that altered diets coupled with diminished physical activity are critical factors contributing to the acceleration of CVD epidemics.18
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