Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Per 100 g, the beans are reported to contain 25.9 to 30.9 g H,O, 2.6 to 4.9 g protein, 4.7 to 6.7 g fat, 30.5 to 32.9 g N-free extract, 7.1 to 9.1 g sugar, 15.3 to 19.6 g fiber, 4.5 to 9.7 g ash. Purseglove et al. dedicate more than four pages of tabulations to the chemistry of vanilla.64 Cured pods contain anisic acid, anisaldehyde, glucovanillin, vanillic acid, and vanillin.42Hager’s Handbook adds vanillyl alcohol, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, piperonal, anisalcohol, balsam, sugar (15% glucose and fructose, 35% saccharose) enzyme, fatty oil (glycerides of oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acid), tannin, resin, mucilage, essential oil, citric-, malic-, oxalic-, and tartaric-acids.33 The aroma compounds include p-hydroxybenzylalcohol, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, furfural, 2.5-methyl-furfurol, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, acetic acid, isobutyric-, caproic-, isovalerianic-, benzoic-, and anisic-acid, guaiacol, /?-cresol, «capric acid, /i-caprylic acid, benzyl benzoate, etc.33
Phytotherapeutic Potential For the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu in Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Caprylic acid, which is a triglyceride and an important component of Axona, which is obtained from the oil of coconut, has important features for the treatment of AD. As the disease progresses, the AD brain does not properly use glucose, resulting in the appearance of neurological signs and symptoms that slowly lead to AD. Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) is the carrier that transports glucose across the blood–brain barrier and cell membrane. AD progresses when GLUT-1 function is reduced (Winkler, Nishida et al. 2015). Using caprylic acid, the brain damage can be prevented because caprylic acid has the ability to be converted into keto bodies, which act as an alternative energy source (Geun Kim and Sook Oh 2012).
Recent In-Depth Insights of Nature-Based Anti-Worm Therapeutic Medications: Emerging Herbal Anthelmintics
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi in Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Coconut oil contains caprylic acid, glycerides of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. It also contains enzymes like oxidase, catlase, etc. The fresh kernel contains nitrogenous substances, fat, lignin, gum, albumin, tartaric acid, saccharose, myoinositol, scyllo-inositol, sorbitol, aliphatic alcohols, ketones, leucoanthocyanins, 2-propylene glycol, glycerol, glucosan, polyphenols, kampsterol, stigmasterol, and alkaloids; namely ligustrazine 2,3,5-grimethylpyrazine which play dominant role in exhibiting noteworthy anthelmintic activity.11
Co-encapsulation of docetaxel and cyclosporin A into SNEDDS to promote oral cancer chemotherapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Weiping Cui, Hanqing Zhao, Chen Wang, Yao Chen, Cong Luo, Shenwu Zhang, Bingjun Sun, Zhonggui He
The SNEDDS formulation was prepared to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drug upon oral administration. Hence, the oil utilized in the system should possess high drug solubility. In this work, solubility studies were conducted to identify appropriate oil for the development of desired SNEDDS with optimum drug loading and emulsifying efficiency. As presented in Figure S1, DTX exhibited the highest solubility of 131.62 ± 17.68 in Capryol 90 among the oils employed in the experiment. CsA exhibited the highest solubility in ethyl oleate, following the Capryol 90. Hence, under comprehensive consideration, Capryol 90 was designated as the oil phase for further study. The chemical name of Capryol 90 is propylene glycol monocaprylate. It is composed of 90% caprylic acid monoester and can be employed in self-emulsifying formulations.(Yin et al., 2009; Seo et al., 2013) According to our previous study, Cremophor EL and Transcutol HP not only provided strong solubilization capability for DTX, but they also possessed excellent emulsifying capacity. Therefore, among various excipients, Capryol 90, Cremophor EL and Transcutol HP were selected as the oil, surfactant and co-surfactant. A systematic method was adopted to identify the specific self-emulsifying region and the proportion of the three constituents within a ternary phase diagram (Supporting information).
Drug solubility in fatty acids as a formulation design approach for lipid-based formulations: a technical note
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Yung-Chi Lee, Chad Dalton, Brian Regler, David Harris
Lipid-based drug delivery systems may be exposed to water due to moisture absorption from or through the soft gelatin capsule shell [19], or upon dispersion in the GI contents upon dosing. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of water uptake on the solubility of drug in lipid vehicles [17,20]. The results depicted in Figure 4 show the solubility of API in C8 FA to be markedly more sensitive to water than the solubility in C18 FA. It is hypothesized that this is because caprylic acid can absorb more water (0.29% w/w) than oleic acid (0.05% w/w). These results differ from those reported by Cao et al. [17], who observed that the solubility of their model compounds was higher in the water-saturated triglycerides than in ‘dry’ triglycerides; the reason for this discrepancy is not known. These results do highlight, though, the need to understand not simply the solubility in pure, dry lipid excipients, but also the degree to which water may desolvate the drug from any particular lipid system.
Toward simplified oral lipid-based drug delivery using mono-/di-glycerides as single component excipients
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Alexandra-Roxana Ilie, Brendan T. Griffin, Maria Vertzoni, Martin Kuentz, Filip Cuyckens, Koen Wuyts, Ruzica Kolakovic, René Holm
FaSSIF and FeSSIF were prepared according to general instructions suggested by biorelevant.com using SIF powder and phosphate buffer, whereby FaSSIF was only used after 2 h of room temperature storage and FeSSIF was used immediately after preparation. Dispersed media were prepared according to Gautschi and coworkers [21], with slight modifications, by dispersing the undigested lipid excipient (LCM, MCM) in FaSSIF and continuously stirring at 300 rpm in a climate chamber at 37 °C in a dilution of 1:40 lipid to FaSSIF for 2 h. For the post-digestive biorelevant media containing digestion products of lipid excipients the same dilution of 1:40 was employed similar to Gautschi et al. [21]. In the present study, it was assumed that the monoglycerides in the lipid excipients were not further digested and that diglycerides (DG) and the traces of triglycerides (TG) digest to the respective monoglycerides and free fatty acids in molar ratio of 1:1 for DG and 1:2 for TG. For simplification purposes, only one fatty acid (i.e. linoleic acid, C18:2), which was in the highest concentration according to the certificate of analysis of Maisine CC, was considered in the composition of LCM. Therefore, the digestion products of Maisine were assumed to be monolinolein and linoleic acid (1 g Maisine presumably digests to 0.71 g monolinolein and 0.29 g linoleic acid). Similarly, for Capmul MCM, only caprylic acid (C8) was considered the predominant fatty acid, thus the proposed digestion products used were monocaprylin and caprylic acid (1 g Capmul MCM presumably digests to 0.83 g monocaprylin and 0.17 g caprylic acid). Assembled media containing digestion products of LCM and MCM were stirred continuously at 37 °C for 2 h.
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- Carboxylate
- Coconut Oil
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- Fatty Acid
- Milk
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- Preferred Iupac Name
- Medium-Chain Triglyceride
- Octanal
- Caproic Acid