The Promising Antiradical Potential of Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. and C. Fraser ex Hook.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Medicinal Plants, 2018
Among synthetic antioxidants, those most frequently used in food industries are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). Reports revealed that BHA and BHT could be toxic, and the higher manufacturing costs and lower efficiency of natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, together with the increasing consciousness of consumers with regard to food additive safety, created a need for identifying alternative natural and probably safer sources of food antioxidants (Sherwin 1990; Wanasundara and Shahidi 1998). Moreover, antioxidant activity also depends on the type and polarity of the extracting solvent, the isolation procedures, the purity of active compounds, as well as the test system and substrate to be protected by the antioxidant (Meyer et al. 1998).
Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens by Intestinal Tissue
Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams in Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
Limited information exists on reactions catalyzed by epoxide hydrolase, sulfo- and glutathione transferases. Besides phenol, several steroids were sulfate conjugated in adult and fetal human intestine.76,93 Furthermore, naphthol has recently been shown to preferentially undergo sulfate conjugation in human colonic expiant cultures.94 In contrast, colonic tumor tissue conjugated naphthol mostly by glucuronidation.94 Conjugation reactions seem to be less sensitive to variation in diet and to inducing agents than the oxidative reactions. Fasting and feeding of cholesterol had only minor effect on small intestinal UDPGT activity.95–97 In contrast, feeding fat-free or low protein diets96,97 and oral treatment with MC doubled the UDPGT activity in rat duodenal homogenate.98 Glutathione transferase activity in the small intestine increased approximately 50% after treatment with phenobarbital, BP, or MC. Inclusion in the diet of butylated hydroxyanisole, an antioxidant used as a food preservative, increased glutathione transferase and epoxide hydrolase activity between two- to sixfold in rats and mice.100
Chemical Leukoderma (Depigmentation)
Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach in Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Chemicals tested were butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), catechol MBEH, phenol, o-phenylphenol, p-phenylphenol, n-propyl gallate, p-tert-amylphenol (TAP), p-tert-butylphenol (TBP), TBC, isopropyl catechol (IPC), HQ, monomethyl ether of hydroquinone or p-hydroxyanisole (MMH), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NGDA), dilaurylthiodipro-prionate, nony 1 phenol, octylphenol, tocopherol (D-tocopherol acid succinate), ethoxyquin, gum guaiac, diethylamine hydrochloride, and octyl gállate. Chemical concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 M liquid solvents. Most observations were made with 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 M. For solid ointment bases, concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 10%. Most observations were based on concentrations of 1,5, and 10%. Solvents used were: acetone, petrolatum, hydrophilic ointment, Eucerin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in concentrations of 30–100%, propylene glycol, chloroform, and ethyl alcohol in concentrations of 70, 90, and 100%.
Lippia graveolens HBK oleoresins, extracted by supercritical fluids, showed bactericidal activity against multidrug resistance Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus strains
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Oscar de Jesús Calva-Cruz, Nallely S. Badillo-Larios, Antonio De León-Rodríguez, Eduardo Espitia-Rangel, Raúl González-García, Edgar Alejandro Turrubiartes-Martinez, Arnulfo Castro-Gallardo, Ana Paulina Barba de la Rosa
Eucalyptol, terpino-4-ol, p-cyme-8-ol, anisole, hydroxyquinone, 3-ter-butylated hydroxyanisole, β-bisabolene, were detected in two samples (Table 5). β-bisabolene is a sesquiterpene that showed selective cytotoxic activity for mouse and human breast cancer cells [63]. Eucalyptol, a terpenoid oxide, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various diseases, including respiratory, pancreatitis, colon damage, and neurodegenerative diseases [58]. The synergic of eucalyptol and terpine-4-ol, have shown to have a stronger antimicrobial effect [59]. P-tert butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-ter-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and is used as food additive. BHA is also used in medicines, such as isotretinoin, lovastatin, and simvastatin [64].
Evaluation of topical econazole nitrate formulations with potential for treating Raynaud’s phenomenon
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Dherya Bahl, Saloni Daftardar, Rinda Devi Bachu, Sai H. S. Boddu, Nezam Altorok, Bashar Kahaleh
Oleic Acid NF (Lot No. UV0230) was obtained from Spectrum Chemical (Gardena, CA). Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) NF (Lot No. 2EC0250) was obtained from Spectrum Chemical. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Disodium salt dehydrate, 99+% (Lot No. A0244379) was procured from ACROS (Fair Lawn, NJ). Propylene Glycol USP/FCC (Lot No. 115135) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Ethanol 190 Proof (Lot No. 223512) was supplied by Decon Labs, Inc. (King of Prussia, PA). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (Methocel® E4M premium CR) (hypromellose USP) (Lot No. C145201) was provided by PCCA (Houston, TX). Versabase® Cream (Lot No. 6654449) and PCCA Lipoderm® Activemax were provided by PCCA. Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) HPLC grade (Lot No. 092056) was procured from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Glycerin USP (Lot No. 2EG0467) was supplied by Spectrum Chemical. Econazole Nitrate powder (Lot No. P11B013) was procured from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES), 100% pure (Lot No. 16134), was procured from Nature’s Oil (Aurora, OH). Sodium chloride (Lot No. 075134) was provided by Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Polyethylene glycol 400, 100% (Lot No. 2603104), was supplied by Hampton Research (Aliso viejo, CA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) solvents, including methanol (Lot No. 21063) and acetonitrile (Lot No. 18401) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). All solvents used were of analytical grade and distilled deionized water was used throughout the study.
The protective effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and 3-hydroxytyrosol on food allergy in mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2023
Yining Jin, Kimberly E. Guzmán, Allison P. Boss, Venugopal Gangur, Cheryl E. Rockwell
Because previous studies suggest that dietary antioxidants can impact the development of food allergy, we designed a study to compare the effect of natural vs. synthetic antioxidants on the allergic response to ovalbumin [13,14]. Although there are considerable studies suggesting that foods rich in antioxidants such as vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of numerous diseases, there is concern that there may be correlation between excessive antioxidant intake and asthma, and other allergic disorders [13,15–22]. Clinical cases have reported that exposure to the food additive, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), results in the development of chronic urticaria in patients [23,24]. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that preservatives such as ascorbic acid, resveratrol, and α-tocopherol suppressed Th1-type immune response in mitogen-stimulated human PBMC, suggesting they may shift the balance between type I and type II responses [25,26]. Considering the literature suggests both protective and potential causative or contributing effects of dietary antioxidants in allergy, the current studies were designed to elucidate the effects of low concentrations of 3-HT and BHT on the development of food allergy in mice.
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