Anticancer Properties of Silver Nanoparticles from Root Extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum
Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra in Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The synthesis of AgNPs-mediated ROS generation of MDA levels was determined by TBARS assay. Briefly, the test tubes were added 2% H3PO4for 200 µL, 7% H3PO4 for 400 µL, 400 µL of tent-butyl alcohol/BHT solution, and 200 µL of 1M HCL. Each well of six-well plate was added 50,000 cells and incubated in RT then recovered supernatants. Each test tubes of 100 µL cell supernatant was added and all in triplicate. Subsequently, a positive control test tube was prepared by adding 1 µL of MDA reagent and all tubes kept in a hot water bath at 100 °C for 15 min and then cooled to RT. Then each tube was added with 1.5 mL butanol, vortexed for 10 s, and left undisturbed for a few minutes to enable separation into two different phases. From the top, butanol phase layer was taken 800 µL each into 1.5 mL test tubes and centrifuged (840g) for 6 min at 24 °C. From this 100 µL of the supernatant was shifted in six replicates to a 96-well micotitre plate, and the O.D. absorbance was measured at 532/600 nm in a spectrophotometer. The ±O.D. absorbance is divided by the loss coefficient (156 mM−1) stated as µM concentrations.
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Butyl acetate is a colorless clear liquid; its odor type is ethereal and its odor is described as ‘sharp, etherial, diffusive, fruity banana’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Butyl acetate is prepared by the slow distillation of butanol and acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (4). Uses of butyl acetate include or have included: in perfumes and as synthetic flavoring ingredient used in producing banana, pear, pineapple and berry flavors; in the manufacture of lacquer, artificial leather, photographic films, plastics and safety glass, in the preservation of foodstuffs; as solvent for gums, resins, lacquer stains, ester-soluble dyes, fats, waxes, cellulose esters, paper coatings and other protective coatings; as dehydrating agent used in processing of oils and pharmaceuticals and as extraction solvent in the manufacture of penicillin (4, U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Chemoenzymatic Approaches towards (S)-Duloxetine
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Nina Schneider et al. disclosed the synthesis of (S)-3-chloro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)-1-propanol 9a by application of recombinant Aromatoleum aromaticum. The phenylethanol dehydrogenase EbN1 from Azoarcus sp. (also known as Aromatoleum aromaticum) reduces the ketone viz. 3-chloro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-1-one 7 to the respective alcohol viz. (S)-3-chloro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-1-ol 9a. For this reaction, the dehydrogenase desired the co-factor nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which forms the required reduction equivalents. This expensive co-factor can be regenerated with the assistance of a 2o “sacrificial alcohol” (such as 2-butanol or 2-propanol), during which the respective ketone (such as 2-butanone or acetone) is formed. Relatively long-chain alcohols are preferred by the enzyme here, but are also considerably more expensive. For this purpose, 2-butanol is employed as sacrificial alcohol (Scheme 5.12) (Schneider and Höffken, 2004). (S)-Duloxetine by recombinant Aromatoleum aromaticum.
Effects of ghrelin on sulfite induced changes in lipid peroxidation, spatial memory, and locomotor activity in rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Sevim Ercan, Goksun Basaranlar
Hippocampi were weighed and homogenized (Bio-Gen Pro-200) in icecold 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH: 7. Homogenates were centrifuged (10,000 g, 15 min, 4 _C) (Sigma 3–18 K centrifuge), and supernatants were used for TBARS analysis. Levels of MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation, were measured using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) fluorometric assay with 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane as a standard [18]. Supernatants (50 μl) were introduced into a tube containing 29 mmol/l thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in acetic acid (8.75 mol/l), samples were placed in a water bath and heated for 1 h at 95–100 °C. The final reaction mixture was extracted with 3.5 ml of n-butanol, and the butanol phase was separated through centrifugation at 1500 g for 5 min. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined fluorometrically with excitation and emission wavelengths of 532 and 547 nm, respectively. The results are given as nmol/g protein.
Silymarin inhibits the lipogenic pathway and reduces worsening of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Luana Cristina Faria Carvalho, Flávia Monteiro Ferreira, Bruna Vidal Dias, Daniela Couto de Azevedo, Gustavo Henrique Bianco de Souza, Matheus Marque Milagre, Marta de Lana, Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira, Cláudia Martins Carneiro, Sílvia de Paula-Gomes, Silvia Dantas Cangussu, Daniela Caldeira Costa
Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) can bind to oxidised lipids, allowing TBARS quantification using a spectrophotometric method (Buege and Aust 1975). Briefly, 100mg of the liver tissue was homogenised in 1mL of Tris-HCl buffer (20mM), and the homogenate was centrifuged at 10000×g for 10min at 4°C. Then, 0.5mL of the supernatant was mixed with 0.25ml of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (28% w/v in 0.25N HCl), 0.25ml of TBA (1% in 0.25N acetic acid), and 12.5mL of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (125mM in ethanol), heated for 15min at 95°C and placed in an ice bath. A small volume (0.6mL) of the mixture was transferred to a polypropylene tube, and 0.6ml of butanol was added. The tubes were shaken and centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10min at 4°C and 200μL of the supernatant was collected and placed in a 96-well microplate. The absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader at a wavelength of 535nm. The concentration of TBARS was determined based on the line equation according to the Beer-Lambert law; 1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (TMP) was used as the standard. The results were expressed as nmol/mg of protein. The concentration of total proteins in the liver homogenate was measured by the Lowry method (Lowry et al.1951).
3′,4′-Dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) prevents DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and inflammation in ovarian ischaemia-reperfusion injury of rats
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Elif Sena Agartan, Rasim Mogulkoc, Abdulkerim Kasım Baltaci, Esma Menevse, Dervis Dasdelen, Mustafa Cihat Avunduk
The tissue MDA analysis was carried out according to the method by Mihara and Uchiyama. After the tissues to be analysed were weighed, divided into pieces and put into tubes, they were placed in a Misonix Microson ultrasonic cell disruptor with 150 mM KCl at 4 °C to obtain 10% homogenates. Of the homogenised tissues, samples of 2 ml were taken, then 2 ml of 8% HClO4 was added and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. After 0.5 ml of the supernatant was added to 3 ml of 1% H3PO4 and 1 ml of 0.675% TBA, it was incubated in a 90 °C water bath for 45 min. When the mixture cooled down, 4 ml of n-butanol was added and measured at 532 nm against to n-butanol at the spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Rodgau, Germany). Results were expressed as nmol/g (Mihara and Uchiyama 1978).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alcohol
- Oxygen
- Stereoisomerism
- Chemical Formula
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Primary Alcohol
- Hydroxy Group
- 1-Butanol
- 2-Butanol