Disposition and Metabolism of Drugs of Dependence
S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill in Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
It has been customary to classify barbiturates into long, intermediate, short, and ultrashort-acting types on the basis of their duration of action in experimental animals. This classification can be highly misleading288 as species differences289–291 in response to barbiturates prevent indiscriminate application to man of data received from experimental animals. The rates of metabolism of clinically available barbiturates fall into two groups, one ranging from 10 to 70% per day (long and medium-acting ones) and the other 0.5 to 20% per hour (anesthetic and short-acting ones). On the basis of clinical experience, the original classification could be supplanted by a simple more accurate designation of sedative-hypnotic drugs and anesthetic barbiturates and the drug, dosage, and route of administration could be left to the physician based on familiarity and experience.288 Phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and metharbital (long-acting barbiturates) are usually employed as sedative-hypnotics and antiepileptic agents; amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, and vinbarbital (short to intermediate-acting barbiturates) as sedative-hypnotics and methohexital, thiopental, and thiamylal (ultrashort-acting types) as intravenous anesthetic agents.
Drug profiles: generic names A-Z
Jerome Z. Litt, Neil H. Shear in Litt's Drug Eruption & Reaction Manual, 2017
Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with: alcohol, anticholinergics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, butabarbital, chloral hydrate, chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, ethchlorvynol, fluphenazine, flurazepam, hypnotics, lopinavir, lorazepam, MAO inhibitors, mephobarbital, mesoridazine, midazolam, narcotics, oxazepam, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, primidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, quazepam, secobarbital, sedatives, temazepam, thioridazine, tranquilizers, trifluoperazine, zolpidem
Phenprobamate use disorder: a case report
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Harun Olcay Sonkurt, Melis Danisman Sonkurt
Tolerance and dependence of centrally acting muscle relaxants have been reported in the medical literature for nearly 50 years (Elder, 1991). Meprobamate, one of the best-known examples, had been a controlled substance after studies indicating its addictive effects, shortly after its introduction in the 1950 s. Fifty years after its launch, it was withdrawn from the European Union and Canada market, with the statement: “its harms outweigh the benefits.” (Lane et al., 2018). Following the increasing reports of tolerance and dependence about carisoprodol, another frequently used centrally acting muscle relaxant, it has been taken under the controlled substance status by the Food and Drug Administration and withdrawn from the market due to the risk of addiction in several countries (Reeves et al., 2012). Similarly, cases of dependence related to drugs such as cyclobenzaprine, butabarbital, triazolam have been reported (Zawertailo et al., 2003). In addition to these, phenprobamate, which has been reported to be similar to meprobamate in terms of effects, side effects, and toxicity, is not a controlled substance and is frequently used as a centrally acting muscle relaxant (Emet et al., 2009).
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