ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF Hypericum mysorense Heyne
V. R. Mohan, A. Doss, P. S. Tresina in Ethnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties, 2019
The animals were sacrificed at the end of experimental period of 21 days by decapitation. Blood was collected, sera separated by centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min. Serum glucose was measured by the O-toluidine method (Sasaki et al., 1972). Insulin level was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) kit (Anderson et al., 1993). Urea estimation was carried out by the method of Varley (1976); serum creatinine was estimated by the method of Owen et al. (1954). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) estimation was carried out by a modified colorimetric method of Karunanayake and Chandrasekharan (1985). Serum total cholesterol (TC) (Parekh and Jung, 1970), total triglycerides (TG) (Rice, 1970), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (Friedwald et al., 1972), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (Warnick et al., 1985), and phospholipids (PL) (Takayama et al., 1977) were analyzed. Serum protein (Lowry et al., 1951) and serum albumins were determined by quantitative colorimetric method by using bromocresol green. The total protein minus the albumin gives the globulin; serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) were measured spectrophotometrically by utilizing the method of Reitman and Frankel (1957). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by the method of King and Armstrong (1934). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) (Rehman, 1984), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (Pagila and Valentine, 1967), reduced glutathione (GSH) (Prins and Loos, 1969), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Madesh and Balasubramanian, 1998), and catalase (CAT) (Bergmeyer, 1983) were analyzed in the normal, diabetic induced, and drug-treated rats.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The ester hydrolysis of BZ over a range of pH and temperature conditions has been investigated (Hull et al., 1979). Bromocresol green forms a colored complex with 3-quinuclidinyl esters of hydroxyacetic acids, which has been used in the spectrophotometric analysis of mixtures containing the esters and 3-quinuclidinol (Stan’kopv et al., 1997). The mass spectra for a number of quinuclidine derivatives are available (Vincze et al., 1980). BZ has also been destroyed safely by pyrolysis (Jensen, 1991).
Scombrotoxin
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Detection of HPB is important in outbreak investigations and in management of SFP. The main challenges are the diversity of the bacteria that are able to produce histamine and the different growth and media conditions required to detect all types of HPB. Culture- and molecular-based methods exist for detection of gram-negative HPB in fish. For the culture-based methods, differential histidine-containing broths or agar media containing indicator dyes have been developed. These media rely on a color change of the indicator dyes resulting from an increase in pH that occurs during histamine formation. One of the most frequently used methods for detection of gram-negative HPB is use of Nivens medium (68), a differential medium based on the color change of bromocresol purple from green to purple as the pH of the media increase from initial pH of 5.3. The incubation temperature of 35°C for 36–72 hours was used for isolation of M. morganii and R. planticola using this method. Several attempts have been made to modify this method with variable results (69,70). A similar broth media was developed using bromocresol green and chlorophenol red as indicator dyes where tubes were incubated at 30°C and color change from green to purple was seen within 12 hours (71). The main drawback of these differential culture-based methods is the high false-positive (15%–63%) and false-negative reactions (42,55,72). False-positive reactions are likely due to production of other basic compounds (other than histamine) that increase the pH of the medium. In addition, the low pH and salt content of the media may inhibit growth of some HPB, and the incubation time and temperature have to be carefully selected to account for all HPB species. For that reason, this method is suitable for screening purposes only where histamine production of isolates is confirmed by inoculation into histidine-containing broths under ideal conditions, and histamine concentrations are determined.
Evaluation of association between parameters related to penetration into cerebrospinal fluid and the microbiological efficacy of vancomycin in patients with bacterial meningitis
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Masayuki Ishikawa, Masashi Uchida, Shingo Yamazaki, Yuki Shiko, Yohei Kawasaki, Takaaki Suzuki, Yasuo Iwadate, Itsuko Ishii
VMser and VMCSF were measured by a chemiluminescence immunoassay with an ARCHITECT® analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Irving, TX). The method was fully validated over a concentration range of 3.0–100.0 μg/mL. The lower limit of quantification and the lower limit of detection were 3.0 μg/mL and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively. SA concentrations were measured by the bromocresol green or bromocresol purple method. The SA value measured by the bromocresol green method is known to be about 0.3 mg/dL higher than that measured by the bromocresol purple method. Therefore, if the SA was measured by the bromocresol green method, we subtracted 0.3 mg/dL from the measured value based on the guidelines [14]. CSF proteins and CSF glucose concentrations were measured by the pyrogallol red and hexokinase methods, respectively. CSF cell counts were performed manually. The MIC for bacteria was determined via the broth microdilution method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Creatinine clearance was calculated by the Cockcroft–Gault formula, using actual body weight [15].
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Alpinia officinarum mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via down-regulating apoptotic pathway in rats
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Zhiping Zhang, Guangda Xin, Guangyu Zhou, Qianyu Li, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Dayu Wang, Feng Liu
The ideal biomarkers of nephrotoxicity creatinine, urea and serum albumin were estimated colorimetrically using commercially available kits. Urea, a key component helps in protein catabolism, water reabsorption in nephrons were assessed using the urea assay kit (K375-100). The procedure was followed as per the manufacturer’s protocol, and urea in the sample was measured at 570 nm. Creatinine used to measure the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney was estimated using the BioVision creatinine assay kit (K625-100). Creatinine present in the sample was converted to creatine by the creatininase and it is further converted to sarcosine measured at the wavelength of 570 nm. Serum Albumin which maintains the vascular permeability, nitric oxide, plasma osmotic pressure was estimated using Albumin BCG assay kit (K554-100) (BioVision, USA). Albumin combines with bromocresol green to form a chromophore which is measured at a wavelength of 620 nm.
Short-term evaluation of hepatic toxicity of titanium dioxide nanofiber (TDNF)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Leah K. Bartel, Daniel A. Hunter, Kayla B. Anderson, W. Yau, Ji Wu, Worlanyo E. Gato
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6–7 weeks old) were purchased from Taconic Bioscience Inc (Hudson, NY). RNeasy Plus Universal mini kit was ordered from Qiagen (Valencia, CA) and the iScript cDNA synthesis solution was purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). Primers for qRT-PCR were synthesized and purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies Inc (IDT) (Coralville, IA). The materials used to synthesize TDNFs, polyvinylpyrrolidone, titanium (IV) isopropoxide, glacial acid, and ethanol, were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), and Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Bromocresol green and bovine serum ALB (Fract V; Cold Alcohol Precipitated; Biotech Grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). CAL3 and ALT kits were obtained from Randox (Charles Town, WV).
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