HLA-DR and -DQ Typing by DNA-RFLP Analysis
M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell in Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Conditions are described for use with the Bio-Rad Wide Mini-Sub Cell (gel tray size 15 × 10 cm). Pour a 0.7% gel as follows: add 0.63 g high gelling temperature agarose (Sigma type V) to 90 ml 1x TAE buffer (lx TAE buffer = 40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA27). Boil to dissolve the agarose, using a magnetic stirring hotplate. Cool to 60°C, add 4.5 μl 10 mg/ml ethidium bromide (final conc 0.5 μg/ml), mix, and pour the gel. Allow the gel to set for 1 h at ambient temperature.Electrophorese samples for 1 h at 70 v in lx TAE buffer containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide. The level of buffer should be 2 to 3 mm above the gel surface.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Sheryl S. Smith in Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
In retrospect, Locock’s remarks provide initial clues that periodicity of seizures in epilepsy and the menstrual cycle may be linked via GABAA receptors, because it appears that bromides exert their anticonvulsant effects by permeating these receptors. Similar to many drugs known to act on GABAA receptors, bromides are sedatives. Bromides block seizures induced by the GABAA receptor antagonists pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin. Bromides enhance the binding affinity of flunitrazepam and diazepam to GABAA receptors (Max, 1990). The bromide ion, like the chloride ion, is a monovalent anion that belongs to the halogen family. Bromide ions permeate the GABAA receptors more efficiently than chloride ions (Bormann et al., 1987). A recent detailed study demonstrated that bromides block seizures in the combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slice preparation and enhance paired pulse inhibition and GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (Meierkord
Body Water
Flavia Meyer, Zbigniew Szygula, Boguslaw Wilk in Fluid Balance, Hydration, and Athletic Performance, 2016
As an approximate index, ICF comprises 67% of the TBW and ECF fluid accounts for the remaining third (Schoeller 2005). ECF is composed of interstitial fluid and the plasma volume. Similar to the methodology used for TBW, administering a tracer that equilibrates only in the ECF fluid provides a means to quantifying the ECF volume via the dilution of the tracer. The difference between TBW and ECF provides the ICF volume. Among the tracers used to measure ECF, sodium bromide is effective. Bromide being a halogen behaves similarly to chloride by equilibrating primarily in the extracellular space. Its dilution, 2–3 h after a specific dose is ingested, indicates the ECF volume with appropriate corrections for tracer loss. Currently, a tracer to directly assess ICF volume is not available. If one were, it would require invasive sampling such as a biopsy or biopsies of tissue to examine and quantify the dilution in the intracellular space.
Anastrozole and related glucuronic acid conjugate are electrophilic species
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Siyu Ding, Siyu Liu, Yaxuan Chen, Ying Peng, Jiang Zheng
ANA-derived GSH conjugate was synthesised by reaction of 3,5-bis(2-cyanoprop-2-yl)benzyl bromide (0.0153 g, 50 mmol) with GSH (Scheme 3). Briefly, the bromide was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 mL), followed by the mixing with GSH dissolved in water (1 mL) and triethylamine (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 25 min. After removing the solvent by rotary evaporation, the residue was submitted to a semi-preparative HPLC system for product purification. The structure of the product was characterised by NMR. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d4): δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.62 − 4.58 (m, 1H), 3.89 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.68 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J = 14.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J = 14.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (h, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (ddt, J = 30.4, 14.2, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.74 (s, 12H).
A comparative evaluation of the immunotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages exposed to aromatic trihalogenated DBPs
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Yanci Xie, Liujing Jiang, Jingfan Qiu, Yong Wang
Disinfection is needed for the supply of safe drinking water; however, this process forms a number of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). These known and unknown DBPs are generated through reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM) [1]. Among them, aromatic halogenated DBPs are found in chlorinated drinking water. Chlorine is the most commonly used chemical disinfectant. During chlorination, aromatic organic matter can react with free chlorine to generate aromatic chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs). For instance, the commonly used antimicrobial agent triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4 dichlorophenoxy) phenol), found in products such as toothpaste, can react with free chlorine and form 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) [2]. Bromide and iodide ions are also naturally present in water sources worldwide [3]. Chlorination of drinking water can unintentionally interact with these ions, generating brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBP (I-DBPs), such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) and 2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP) [4–6].
The discovery and development of aclidinium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Mario Malerba, Alessandro Radaeli, Giuseppe Santini, Jaymin Morjaria, Nadia Mores, Chiara Mondino, Giuseppe Macis, Paolo Montuschi
The presence of systemic side effects such as increased heart rate, constipation, dry mouth, urinary retention, and glaucoma has stimulated the search for new molecules of the same class of tiotropium bromide with similar bronchodilatory efficacy and lower incidence of adverse effects. The main features sought for a new LAMA are a prolonged duration of action to ensure a reduced frequency of administration, a safe and effective ability to be delivered directly to the airways, high selectivity at M3 receptors and reduced M2 receptor binding, and a rapid inactivation of the drug following systemic exposure.
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