Essential Oils as Carrier Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Borneol is a cyclic terpene alcohol that is isolated from Cinnamomum camphora—a member of the Lauraceae family—and represents a penetration enhancer for osthole, a relative lipophilic drug extracted from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri, which belongs to the Apiaceae family. Disturbance of the ordered SC lipids is the main mechanism caused by borneol. This permeation mechanism can be influenced by temperature, an external factor. Increase in temperature leads to changes in the lipid bilayers of SC: lipids become shorter and frizzier and therefore they are more flexible and molecular movement is improved. The area per lipid increases while the thickness and order of lipids decrease, which results in synergism, affecting the permeation of osthole. Thus the penetration enhancement of borneol is promoted with increased temperature as the diffusion rate and the speed of permeation raised. However, the temperature has to be increased carefully, because with too high temperature in combination with borneol, the SC structure gets ruined as a water pore is built and the micelle reversed, caused by 5% borneol at 323 K or 10% borneol at 310 K (Yin et al., 2017).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Cannabis contains a variety of unique, structurally related phytochemicals collectively known as cannabinoids. The best known of these substances is Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, as it is the substance most responsible for the characteristic “high” obtained from smoking the herb. Another increasingly well-recognized cannabinoid is cannabidiol, or CBD, as it is being found to convey many of the medicinal benefits of cannabis, but without producing the typical “high.” However, there are scores of other cannabinoids of varying importance and concentration in cannabis. Among those are tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, cannabinol, cannabicitran, cannabidiolic acid, cannabielsoin, cannflavin, and others.4 The plant also contains a wide variety of flavonoids and terpenes that may contribute medicinal effects. These include some phytochemicals that are found in other medicinal plants, such as borneol, camphor, β-caryophyllene, geraniol, humulene, linalool, myrcene, pinene, terpineol, and others. It is likely these substances combine to produce the familiar aroma of cannabis.5
Brain-targeted intranasal delivery of dopamine with borneol and lactoferrin co-modified nanoparticles for treating Parkinson’s disease
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Shengnan Tang, Aiping Wang, Xiuju Yan, Liuxiang Chu, Xiucheng Yang, Yina Song, Kaoxiang Sun, Xin Yu, Rongxia Liu, Zimei Wu, Peng Xue
Although the intranasal delivery method has many advantages, rapid clearing of drugs or formulation by the mucociliary system in the nose limit its applications. Hence, it is important to develop a newer method that can allow the drug to remain in the nasal cavity for a longer period, for instance, by using chitosan with mucoadhesive nature enhancing the nasal retention time (Ahmad et al., 2017b) or enhancing the permeability across the epithelial membrane (Tzeyung et al., 2019). Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene and is widely applied to traditional Chinese medicine (Bhatia et al., 2008). It has anti-epileptogenic (Ehrnhofer-Ressler et al., 2013) and anti-inflammatory effects (Tambe et al., 2016). In particular, it can enhance the brain penetration and transport of other drugs to improve bioavailability and enhance the distribution of drugs across various physical barriers such as the nasal mucosa and the blood-brain barrier (Qi et al., 2013). Although borneol is effective in promoting drug transport to the brain (Ren et al., 2013), drugs could still be metabolized at non-targeting tissues, which will cause serious adverse effects. In our previous studies (Bi et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2018), lactoferrin (Lf) was found to be an effective biological ligand for drug delivery to the striatum. The Lf receptor is overexpressed on the apical surface of respiratory epithelial cells and in the capillaries and neurons related to neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and Alzheimer’s disease (Suzuki et al., 2005; Elfinger et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2013; Meng et al., 2018).
Natural borneol sensitizes human glioma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by triggering ROS-mediated oxidative damage and regulation of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Wen-qiang Cao, Xiao-qian Zhai, Ji-wei Ma, Xue-qi Fu, Bai-song Zhao, Pu Zhang, Xiao-yan Fu
Borneol (C10H18O) is a bicyclic monoterpene extracted from the resin and volatile oil of dipterocarp (Wu et al. 2016). Borneol has been broadly applied in food and drug industry and is available as synthetic (SB) and natural borneol (NB) (Qi et al. 2013; Wu et al. 2016). Considering the mucosa stimulus and hepatotoxicity of SB, NB has more potential for further commercial applications. NB effectively improves the permeability of drugs by regulating intestinal mucous or blood–brain barrier (Cai et al. 2008; Duan et al. 2016; Xing et al. 2016). NB can also enhance the efficacy of chemo-drugs against various cancer cell lines by increasing the intracellular drug accumulation and modulating ROS-mediated DNA damage with the involvement of MAPKs activation and Akt inactivation (Chen, Li Su, and Chen 2015; Chen, Li, Su, Li, et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2018; Meng et al. 2018). The action of NB in chemo-sensitization is constantly being confirmed. Nevertheless, data on the synergistic effects of NB and cisplatin in human glioma treatment are limited. Therefore, the present study aims to verify whether NB plays a role in cisplatin-induced glioma cell apoptosis. The underlying mechanisms were also illuminated by the detection of ROS generation and related protein expressions.
Design, characterization and comparison of transdermal delivery of colchicine via borneol-chemically-modified and borneol-physically-modified ethosome
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Yujia Zhang, Nan Zhang, Hui Song, He Li, Jin Wen, Xiaochuan Tan, Wensheng Zheng
According to the total system mass of 6 g and 10% borneol modification rate, 12 mg borneol, 12 mg colchicine, 75 mg BO-DOPE, and 57 mg egg yolk were dissolved in 2.28 mL ethanol. Then 4.056 mL distilled water was injected into the lipid ethanol solution at 20 mL/h in closed conditions, and sonicated (250 W, 40 kHz) for 15 min at 25 °C to prepare borneol-chemically-modified colchicine ethosome (COL-bcES). 12 mg borneol, 12 mg colchicine, and 120 mg egg yolk lecithin were dissolved in 2.28 mL ethanol. After that, 4.08 mL distilled water was injected into the lipid ethanol solution at 20 mL/h in closed conditions, and then sonicated (250 W, 40 kHz) for 15 min at 25 °C to prepare borneol-physically-modified colchicine ethosome (COL-bpES). 12 mg colchicine, 120 mg egg yolk lecithin were dissolved in 2.28 mL ethanol. After that, 4.20 mL distilled water was injected into the lipid ethanol solution at 20 mL/h in closed conditions, and then sonicated (250 W, 40 kHz) for 15 min at 25 °C to prepare colchicine ethosome (COL-ES). The COL-bcES, COL-bpES and COL-ES were sonicated by ultrasonic probe (150 W, 50 Hz, ultrasonic 2 s, clearance 3 s) for 5 min and 0.22 µm filter membrane under liquid ice bath (Zhang et al., 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Enantiomer
- Isoborneol
- Ketone
- Organic Compound
- Terpene
- Camphor
- Bicyclic Molecule
- Hydroxy Group
- Endo-Exo Isomerism
- Organic Redox Reaction