Respiratory Symptoms
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Paroxysms of cough resulting in post-tussive emesis or, less frequently, cough that produces a “whooping” sound, are clues to a potential diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection. For patients with cough and these symptoms, B pertussis infection should be considered the diagnosis barring clinical evidence of another cause being more likely.39 Although infants are typically vaccinated against pertussis, immunity wanes over five to ten years. As such, adolescents and adults are at risk for developing infections from B pertussis.41 While early antibiotic treatment (macrolides are particularly effective) can reduce the severity and duration of cough due to B pertussis, the efficacy of antibiotics after two weeks of symptoms is unclear. General consensus based on the available studies is that, after four weeks of symptoms, it is not appropriate to provide antibiotics; rather, care should focus on symptom management.39,42
The use of Spheroids in the Study of Invasion
Rolf Bjerkvig in Spheroid Culture in Cancer Research, 2017
Pertussis toxin, produced by Bordetella pertussis, leads to a number of clinical and laboratory symptoms that are associated with whooping cough. The toxin provokes a high number of circulating lymphocytes because it inhibits adhesion and subsequent extravasation of these leukocytes.109 The molecular targets of pertussis toxin appear to be G-proteins. This phenomenon and the reported antithetic effect of pertussis toxin on invasion in the monolayer invasion assay110 prompted us to test the effect of the toxin on invasion in confronting cultures.
Internalization of Microbial Pathogens by Integrin Receptors and the Binding of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Invasin Protein
Yoshikazu Takada in Integrins: The Biological Problems, 2017
In addition to the lectin activity of the leukocyte integrins, at least one β2 integrin is able to specifically recognize microbial surface proteins. Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the respiratory tract disease whooping cough, is able to bind phagocytic cells.61,62 This binding requires the presence of filamentous hemagglutinin, a protein encoded by the bacterium that forms a flocculent structure on its surface. It is possible to partially block this adhesion by galactose, but, unlike the above examples, it appears that it is the bacterially encoded protein responsible for lectin activity.63 Much more striking blocking of adhesion takes place, however, when an antibody directed against the αmβ2 integrin is included during the incubation of bacteria with phagocytic cells. Two pieces of evidence indicate that the site on this integrin recognized by FHA is identical to that bound by arg-gly-asp (RGD). FHA contains two RGD sequences, one of which is critical for binding the integrin. This was demonstrated by showing that site-specific mutations in one of the RGD sequences could prevent attachment of the organism to human macrophages. Secondly, peptides corresponding to this sequence in FHA could block adhesion of the microorganism.63 The role of binding αmβ2 in the disease process is totally unclear, however. In animal models, mutants defective in FHA are unable to associate with macrophages, but this has no consequences on the disease process.64 It is possible that this binding is a tactic that allows targeting of the microorganism to neutrophils. This is advantageous to the microorganism, since the bacterium secretes a number of potent toxins, and binding to αmacβ2 could allow a concentrated attack on an important cell involved in the first line of host defense.
A profile of the Simplexa™ Bordetella Direct assay for the detection and differentiation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
The target for the identification of B. parapertussis is the IS1001. This sequence is also found in B. bronchiseptica. Commercial assays do not differentiate infection caused by this Bordetella species. Although these organisms are infrequently found as causative agents of pertussis-like infection, cases have been reported especially in immunocompromised patients [44]. The differentiation of Bordetella species is essential to evaluate the prevalence of circulating species. It is important to keep in mind that a vaccine is available only for B. pertussis. The ability to discriminate among the Bordetella species will provide knowledge about the etiology of Bordetella respiratory illnesses in all populations especially in debilitated or immunocompromised patients.
Retrospective analysis of bacterial culture-confirmed pertussis cases in Beijing Children’s hospital from 2014 to 2019 reveals prevention and control of the grim situation in mainland China
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Dandan Liu, Qianqian Du, Lin Yuan, Qing Wang, Wei Shi, Qinghong Meng, Dan Yu, Kaihu Yao
B.parapertussis and B.bronchiseptica isolates, which may cause similar symptoms to B. pertussis [30], were rarely cultured in the present cases. The disease caused by B. parapertussis is usually milder than that caused by B. pertussis. The present detection rate of B.parapertussis was lower than those in other studies [30,31], which could be associated with the inclusion criteria that enrolled the patient with typical symptoms, as well as antibiotic usage. In addition to B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, B. holmesii could also cause pertussis-like symptoms, which are increasingly reported in some countries nowadays, and could be misidentified frequently as B. pertussis in the past [32].The present study could not determine B. holmesii infections because cefalexin was added into the selective culture media, which inhibited the growth of B. holmesii [33]. Further surveillance of Bordetella spp. is necessary in order to investigate the epidemiology and clinical picture of Bordetella infections and to develop preventive measures.
Identification of Gut Bacteria such as Lactobacillus johnsonii that Disseminate to Systemic Tissues of Wild Type and MyD88–/– Mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Sreeram Udayan, Panagiota Stamou, Fiona Crispie, Ana Hickey, Alexandria N. Floyd, Chyi-Song Hsieh, Paul D. Cotter, Orla O’Sullivan, Silvia Melgar, Paul W. O’Toole, Rodney D. Newberry, Valerio Rossini, Ken Nally
The current paradigm regarding sampling of luminal material in the gut by mononuclear phagocytes is that migratory intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) can acquire bacteria directly1 or indirectly from epithelial cells or macrophages2,3 and then migrate in a CCR7-dependent manner4 only as far as the gut draining lymph nodes for initiation of appropriate adaptive immune responses.5,6 This has led to the current consensus that bacterial members of the gut microbiota are separated from systemic compartments by multiple molecular, cellular, and tissue barriers or ‘firewalls’.7,8 However, the interaction of members of the gut microbiota with the host is not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and can also occur after translocation of selected gut bacterial strains to systemic tissues.9 There is emerging evidence of the existence of extraintestinal tissue microbiotas in human disease states10,11 and human gut symbionts were reported to disseminate from the gut in the absence of an inflammatory response in germ free (GF) mice.12 Such interactions can have multiple physiological and pathophysiological effects on the host. For example, Achromobacter spp., Bordetella spp. and Ochrobactrum spp. can translocate from the gut to lymphoid tissues or the spleen to influence adaptive immunity and prevent dissemination of other luminal bacteria.13 Translocation of gut bacteria might also contribute to the vertical transfer of bacterial species from the mother to the neonate prenatally by crossing the maternal placental barrier14,15 or postnatally through maternal breast milk transfer.16,17
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bordetella Bronchiseptica
- Bordetella Parapertussis
- Bordetella Pertussis
- Obligate Aerobe
- Whooping Cough
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Coccobacillus
- Pseudomonadota
- Bordetella Petrii
- Motility