Dietary supplementation
Jay R Hoffman in Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
In 2004, Dr. Hans Geyer and colleagues from the Institute of Biochemistry in the German Sport University in Cologne, Germany examined 634 non-hormonal dietary supplements purchased in 13 different countries from 215 different suppliers (18). Forty-six percent of the supplements examined were from companies that sell prohormones (substances that are precursors of anabolic hormones such as testosterone). Of the 634 samples analyzed 14.8% (n = 94) contained prohormones of either testosterone, nandrolone and/or boldenone, which were not declared on the label. The vast majority of these positive tests were from prohormone-selling companies (21.1%), while only 9.6% of the supplements from companies not selling prohormones were positive. Banned substances were found in tablets, powders and capsules. Although companies originating from the United States had the most positive tests (45 positive tests from 240 samples), samples of supplements originating from both the Netherlands (25.8%) and Austria (22.7%) had the greatest relative percentage of samples producing a banned substance. Since 2004, the issue of contaminated substances appeared to get worse, as the increase in trade and availability of anabolic steroids and β2 agonists from Chinese companies resulted in a greater expansion of illegal supplements and cross-contaminated dietary supplements (17).
Coupled Mass Spectrometic—Chromatographic Systems
Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine in Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Anabolic steroid analysis has also benefited from application of HPLC/MS techniques. Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and its 17-epimethandrostenolone metabolite were quantified using positive-ion APCI HPLC/MS/MS. The detection limit in a urine matrix was 180 ng/1, with a precision of 3% at the 16 μg/l level, and a linear dynamic range was at least three orders of magnitude.97 Stanozolol and several of its hydroxylated and dihydroxylated metabolites could be quantified by positive-ion APCI SRM after enzymatic hydrolysis of their glucuronide conjugates.98 The direct detection of intact sulfoconjugated hydroxy metabolites in human urine was also achieved. Quantitation of the sulfoconjugate of boldenone in urine was accomplished by negative-ion pneumatically assisted ES. Using SIM of the molecular anion, the limit of detection was 10 pg on-column and with a linear dynamic range of over 500 in the concentration range.99 Note again that ES ionization provides excellent detection limits for ionic compounds, but that APCI is more effective for nonionic species. Negative-ion MS/MS of the sulfoconjugates yields almost exclusively sulfate ion, and thus no structural information for confirmation of identity is provided as would be available with positive ionization. Kobayashi et al.100 analyzed 60 steroids by APCI and found that fragment ion correlated with their substituents in the 3- and 4-positions. We have also observed differences with ES in NH4+ adduct formation between steroids with a 3- vs. a 17-hydroxyl group, which may be helpful in grouping steroids in screening.101
Supplements
David Lightsey in The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
These investigations showed that nutritional supplements contained prohibited stimulants as ephedrines, caffeine, methylenedioxymetamphetamie and sibutramine, which were not declared on the labels. An international study performed in 2001 and 2002 on 634 nutritional supplements that were purchased in 13 different countries showed that about 15% of the nonhormonal nutritional supplements were contaminated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (mainly prohormones). Since 2002, also products intentionally faked with high amounts of “classic” anabolic steroids such as metandienone, stanozolol, boldenone, dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone, oxandrolone etc. have been detected on the nutritional supplement market. These anabolic steroids were not declared on the labels either. The sources of these anabolic steroids are probably Chinese pharmaceutical companies, which sell bulk material of anabolic steroids. In 2005, vitamin C, multivitamin and magnesium tablets were confiscated, which contained cross-contaminations of stanozolol and metandienone. Since 2002 new “designer” steroids such as prostanozol, methasterone, androstatrienedione etc. have been offered on the nutritional supplement market. In the near future also cross-contaminations with these steroids are expected. Recently a nutritional supplement for weight loss was found to contain the β2-agonist clenbuterol. The application of such nutritional supplements is connected with a high risk of inadvertent doping cases and a health risk. For the detection of new ‘designer’ steroids in nutritional supplements, mass spectrometric strategies (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) are presented.
The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Koichi Nakazato
The major AAS used by athletes can be divided into three groups [30]: Testosterone derivatives (T, Methyltestosterone, Methandrostenolone, Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Boldenone): The compounds in this group are known to induce fast strength and muscle gains but show a high rate of aromatization. Due to the high water retention caused by aromatization, they are mainly used in bulking cycles for quick mass gains.Dihydrotestosterone derivatives (Stanozolol, Oxandrolone, Oxymetholone, Mesterolone, Methenolone, Drostanolone): Even though most of these compounds are highly androgenic, they have a high binding affinity to the androgen receptor and are potent strength and muscle mass builders. Due to the DHT structure, these compounds cannot aromatize to estrogen. Therefore, these compounds are often used for cutting cycles and pre-contest.Nandrolone derivatives (Nandrolone, Trenbolone): Compounds in this group show the highest anabolic to androgenic ratio and have strong muscle building effects. However, administration of nandrolone derivatives can result in elevated progestogenic activity. The use of this group of AAS is versatile and is used for both bulking and cutting cycles.
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