Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Crude glycerine solutions obtained from any of the above processes are generally bleached to remove additional impurities. The most frequently used bleaching agent is activated carbon, but certain clays have also been employed with success. Color bodies, primarily pigments and residues from the fat or oil originally processed, are effectively removed by these bleaching treatments. Some residual fatty material, especially the odiferous low-molecular-weight acids, may also be removed by absorption onto bleaching agents. Bleaching operations are normally performed at 165 to 185°F to facilitate filtration while minimizing any thermal degradation. Other chemical bleaching treatments are generally not useful on glycerine due to the relative ease with which the glycerol itself can be degraded or reacted, but such methods have been described in the literature [6].
Chemical Compounds as Trigger Factors of Immediate Contact Skin Reactions
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
On the other hand, immunologic CoU (ICoU) is a type I hypersensitivity reaction, mediated by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in previously sensitized individuals.[3] In this case, the release of histamine is the major mechanism of action seen. The mechanism following skin challenge includes allergen penetration through the epidermis, binding to IgE on mast cells, causing degranulation and release of histamine and other vasoactive substances such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and kinins.[8] Again, many causes have been documented as causing ICoU. Many are plant or animal proteins.[9] However, many LMW chemicals including drugs, biocides and preservatives, metals, or industrial compounds can also produce ICoU. Finally, a third category exists for substances that show mixed features of NICoU and ICoU, or where the mechanism remains unclear. The bleaching agent ammonium persulfate is a classic example. Although the clinical picture looks like an IgE-mediated reaction, such antibodies against ammonium persulfate have not been identified.[5,10] However, this third category is much less common and will not be discussed further here.
Aircraft Decontamination and Mitigation
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
A variety of solvents and oxidizers have been used over the years for chemical decontamination. Bleach (hypochlorite) was one of the first recognized decontaminants and was the primary decontaminant for mustard agent during World War I. Then, hypochlorite, in powder or solution, was found to neutralize mustard, lewisite, and V and G nerve agents (Smart, 2005). Although bleach can be effective, the high concentrations and long exposure times required make it less desirable for sensitive equipment decontamination. Concentrated hypochlorite solutions are very caustic and highly detrimental to surface materials, particularly metals, not to mention skin and other tissues. Given the abundance of specialty aluminum and steel alloys, and other advanced materials used in military aircraft, no form of bleach will be acceptable for large-scale use on aircraft.
Exposure to cleaning products and childhood asthma: more than just a link?
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Jaclyn Parks, Tim K. Takaro
Chlorine bleach is the most commonly used disinfecting and cleaning agent in the developed world, as it is easy to use, low cost, can deodorize, and kills a wide range of microorganisms. The common active ingredients in disinfectants, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC’s) and sodium hypochlorite (bleach), have been linked to reduced airways function, irritation and sensitization in young adults [1,2,7]. Similarly, frequent use of antimicrobial hand sanitizer as a disinfectant is associated with an increased odds of recurrent wheeze, recurrent wheeze with atopy, and asthma diagnosis [7]. Flu season or a viral pandemic such as COVID-19 exemplify times when the benefit of disinfectant use outweigh its risks. However, the frequent application of disinfectants may not be warranted in business-as-usual settings.
Consequences of chemical impact of disinfectants: safe preventive measures against COVID-19
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Nagendra Kumar Rai, Anushruti Ashok, Butchi Raju Akondi
During COVID-19 pandemic, there are plenty of rumors and misinformation circulated on the social media platform against coronaviruses. People are panicked and, in their rage of anxiety and fear taking extreme actions. It has been reported that few people applied disinfectant on their skin and washed food products with disinfectants such as bleach and hand sanitizer, also tried to ingest them (Chang et al. 2020). These types of extreme actions could be dangerous and can cause serious health issues like permanent blindness, seizures, coma, permanent damage to the nervous system or death. Bleach solutions are very harsh on the skin and can cause irritation on the skin, eyes, and other parts of body. Few cleaning products contain caustic materials, and their accidental ingestion causes severe gastrointestinal toxicity (Arevalo-Silva et al. 2006; Sawalha 2007). Bleach ingestion is reported to cause hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, ARDS, and lung injury (Bracco et al. 2005). It has also been stated that exposure of chlorine bleach causes mucosal erosions, gastrointestinal irritation, ear, nose, and throat lesions, and asthma symptoms (Medina-Ramón et al. 2005). Glutaraldehyde and ethylene oxide have been shown to cause serious lung disease (Dumas et al. 2019).
Technical Tips: Keeping It Clean during COVID-19
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Anna M. Bonner, Petra Davidson
Always refer to and follow the manufacturer’s instruction for cleaning and disinfecting. If an EPA or ACC-approved disinfectants against COVID-19 (such as a Cavi-wipe or Super Sani-Cloth) are not available, use either 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or equivalent solution with a lint-free wipe (CDC 2020g; WHO 2014). If residues remain, continue wiping the surfaces until visibly free of residue (CDC 2008; WHO 2014). Because the presence of organic material may inactivate the effectiveness of bleach solutions, 70% IPA is recommended for cleaning (CDC 2008). Allow for appropriate dwell and dry time as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. If a 5–6% solution of bleach is used for non-critical patient care items instead of IPA or an EPA/ACC-approved disinfectant, then ensure surface contact for at least one minute (CDC 2020g). Thoroughly wipe all surfaces of the NDT equipment that has entered any room of a patient positive or under investigation for a highly contagious disease including cables, cart, wheels, everything, and inspect for visible residue.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Calcium Hypochlorite
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Oxidizing Agent
- Reducing Agent
- Sodium Hypochlorite
- Sodium Perborate
- Sodium Percarbonate
- Household Chemicals
- Bleaching of Wood Pulp
- Chlorine