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The role of lifestyle factors in recurrent implantation failure
Published in Efstratios M. Kolibianakis, Christos A. Venetis, Recurrent Implantation Failure, 2019
Vicki Nisenblat, Robert J. Norman
Exposure to pesticides has been linked with pubertal abnormalities, menstrual irregularities, decreased fecundity, miscarriage, and risk of endometriosis in human and animal studies.4,83 Occupational exposure to certain pesticides, including DDT, is inversely associated with sperm parameters and male reproductive hormones.83 The authors of a systematic review of the available literature concluded that DDT did not seem to affect oocyte quality, fertilization, embryo development, or pregnancy rate in IVF patients.90 More recent data showed a significantly reduced implantation rate in women with high follicular fluid of DDT and several other pesticides (lindane, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos).91 The authors also found a significant inverse correlation between follicular fluid concentrations of the examined pesticides (DDT, lindane, diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos, bioallethrin, pretilachor, and b-cyfluthrin) on endometrial thickness. However, the effect of these chemicals on clinical pregnancy and live birth rate has not been evaluated.
Treatment and prevention of malaria
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, William M Watkins, Peter A Winstanley
None-immune people and other high-risk groups such as pregnant women, infants and young children, and people who are splenectomized or immunosuppressed should, if possible, avoid entering the malarious zone. Infection via blood transfusion should be prevented by screening donors or transfused blood (by microscopy, DNA probes or PCR methods) or by treating donors, transfused blood or recipients with antimalarial drugs. Malarial cross-infection in hospitals, by contamination of catheters and intravenous fluids, must be prevented. Most, but not all, of the anopheline vectors of malaria bite in or near human dwellings during the hours of darkness (see Chapter 4). The risk of infective mosquito bites can therefore be reduced by insect-proofing sleeping quarters or by sleeping under mosquito nets, preferably those that have been impregnated with an insecticide such as permethrin (0.2 g/m2 of material every 6 months). Bedrooms should be sprayed with a knock-down insecticide to kill any mosquitoes that may have entered the room during the day. Mosquitoes may also be killed or repelled by vapourizing synthetic pyrethroids on electrical heating devices (such as No Bite and Buzz Off, Bioallethrin 4.2 per cent w/w) or by burning mosquito coils. Ten to 35 per cent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is an effective repellent of mosquitoes, flies, midges, ticks, leeches etc. when applied to skin and clothing. Very rarely, skin application results in allergy, dermatitis and neurotoxicity in children (behavioural changes, ataxia, encephalopathy, seizures or coma) and adults (confusion, irritability and insomnia). Light-coloured protective clothing with long sleeves and trousers should be worn out of doors after sunset. Permethrin, or contact insecticide, can be applied to clothes and to other fabrics (curtains, tent walls, osquito nets) but not to skin.
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
The first synthetic pyrethroids, allethrin and bioallethrin were developed in 1949. Resmethrin, the first generation synthetic pyrethroid was developed from naturally occurring pyrethrins by altering their structure to increase stability in sunlight and insecticidal activity in 1962. Bioresmethrin from resmethrin was produced in 1967 followed by commercial exploitation during late 1960s. Two new pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were also developed as potent insecticides (Khambay 2002). By 1983, pyrethroids were applied to crops in over 33 million hectares annually and constituted to 25.1% of global insecticide market (Casida and Quistad 1998). In late 1980s, World Health Organization (WHO), recommended use of pyrethroids including deltamethrin and permethrin owing to the less environmental persistency and toxicity to humans and other mammals. Pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin were used in long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for malaria control programme of WHO (Khambay 2002).
Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Carol J. Burns, Timothy P. Pastoor
Depending on the region of the world, there are over a dozen registered pyrethroid molecules that are used in a myriad of products for agriculture, homeowner, veterinary, and medical applications. Specific pyrethroids include allethrin, bioallethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, flumethrin, fluvalinate-tau, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, and tetramethrin.