Histopathology of interstitial lung disease: A pattern-based approach
Muhunthan Thillai, David R Moller, Keith C Meyer in Clinical Handbook of Interstitial Lung Disease, 2017
This pattern is typically seen in exposure to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which contaminates the water in hot water soaking tubs (hot tubs). The bioaerosol exposure produces a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rather than a true infection by mycobacteria (26). The disease has been hence named ‘hot tub lung’. The histologic features are presence of non-necrotizing well-formed granulomas in peribronchiolar areas as well as within air spaces: alveolar ducts and alveoli. Rarely, the granulomas of hot tub lung can show some degree of necrosis, especially when other species of atypical mycobacteria are at play (Figure 2.21). HRCT findings in these patients are centrilobular bilateral nodular opacities with upper lobe predominance and extensive compromise of the parenchyma, in many cases indistinguishable from the findings in extrinsic allergic alveolitis in subacute phase (Figure 2.22). Another entity showing this histopathologic pattern is subacute/chronic aspiration pneumonia. In aspiration pneumonia there are foreign-body multinucleated giant cells, mostly within the bronchioles and airways, surrounding foreign-body material (27).
Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Thymol and eugenol, major compounds of thyme and clove essential oil are effective towards oral bacteria (Shapiro et al. 1994). Essential oil of cumin exhibit marked inhibitory activity at a low concentration (800–1200 ppm), while coriander and fennel oil at a higher concentration (1600–2400 ppm) against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae (Syed et al. 1986). Chao et al. (1998) tested the antibacterial activity of proprietary blend of oils (named thieves) containing cinnamon, rosemary, clove, eucalyptus, and lemon against airborne Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial cultures were sprayed in an enclosed area and thieves was diffused for a given amount of time. Such treatment effectively caused 82% reduction in M. luteus bioaerosol, a 96% reduction in the P. aeruginosa bioaerosol and 44% reduction in the S. aureus bioaerosols after 10 minutes exposure. Thyme, clove, cinnamon, pimento, bay, almond, marjoram, geranium, lovage and angelica were reported to be the most effective essential oils against 25 genera of bacteria (Deans and Ritchie 1987). Similarly Beuchat (1994) reported the inhibitory activity of thyme, oregano, savory, sage, cinnamon, clove, vanilla and other spices against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Ecology
Paul Pumpens in Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The physical and viable bioaerosol penetrations through respirator filters were differentiated when the phage MS2 was used as an indicator for challenging respirator filters with bioaerosols and contributed to the differentiation of the physical and viable bioaerosol penetrations through popular respirator filters (Eninger et al. 2008a,c, 2009; Woo et al. 2010). The challenges of MS2 aerosols were used also for the assessment of iodine-treated filter media (Lee JH et al. 2009).
The role of oxidative stress in pulmonary function in bakers exposed to flour dust
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahid Gharibi, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Esmaeel Soleimani, Narges Khanjani, Anahita Fakherpour, Majid Bagheri Hosseinabadi
Wheat flour dust is a complex organic compound containing various antigens and allergic compounds [1]. The antigens found in wheat flour include the enzymes in flour itself (e.g., α-amylase, cellulase, hemicellulose, maltase, protease, lipase, glucoamylase, glucosidase, lipoxygenase) or from additives (e.g., bakery yeast, egg powder, milk powder, sugar, flavors, spices), chemical compounds (e.g., preservatives, antioxidants, bleaching agents) and contaminants associated with storage (e.g., microbes, mites) [2]. In addition, wheat flour includes water-soluble albumin, saline-soluble globulins, gliadins and glutens [2]. Albumins and globulins are potentially allergic proteins. The allergic potential of prolamins and glutelins should also be considered. According to Sander et al. [3], flour dust has at least 40 allergens, which can cause harmful health effects in the exposed population. Exposure to flour dust occurs in a wide range of food industries, including flour mills and bakeries. The type of interaction between the bioaerosol particles and human cells depends on the part of the respiratory tract where the particles deposit.
Pneumoproteins and markers of inflammation and platelet activation in the blood of grain dust exposed workers
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Anne Straumfors, Wijnand Eduard, Kari K. Heldal, Marit Skogstad, Lars Barregård, Dag G. Ellingsen
The present study describes the concentrations of pneumoproteins, markers of systemic inflammation and platelet activation in the blood of healthy workers in the grain industry. Workers exposed to grain dust had significantly higher levels of CC-16 and IL-6 compared with controls, and significantly lower fibrinogen concentrations. A strong influence from farm childhood on CC-16 and SP-D was observed. Farm childhood interacted with current smoking by counteracting the smoking-associated reduction of CC-16, whereas this effect was not present in workers without such childhood exposure. This interaction was stronger than the effect of dust exposure or any other exposure measurement. Although both CC-16, IL-6 and fibrinogen were significantly different between exposed and controls, none of the markers were associated with dust exposure or any other exposure component of the dust measured among exposed workers. This was in spite of exposures to potentially health-impairing bioaerosol concentrations. There were also no association with respiratory health outcomes observed.
The effectiveness and efficacy of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in dentistry and other health care settings: a systematic review
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Lakshman Perera Samaranayake, Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin, Hien Chi Ngo, Jeffrey Wen Wei Chang, Chamila Panduwawala
In the only study related to dental care, Sachdev et al. [28] tested used surgical masks worn by dental personnel for 30-minutes during various patient care procedures. They observed that the used masks from staff working in the outpatient dental clinics had a high bacterial and fungal load. However, their report had data lapses, particularly in the precise quantification of CFU of surgical masks relative to the different dental treatment procedures. Such information is essential to evaluate the quality of the study as the volume of bioaerosol generated varies according to the nature of the dental procedure. For instance, ultrasonic scaling, subgingival restorations, and oral surgical procedures with tools such as micro-motor handpieces, air-water syringe, etc., generate copious bioaerosols in comparison to hand scaling, and atraumatic restorative procedures [5]. It is also known that exposure to aerosol-generating procedures, the number of patients seen, the nature and severity of infection as well as humidity, air quality, and temperature determines microbial concentration on the surgical masks [5,54,60].