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What should we tell our patients about marijuana?
Published in Betty Wedman-St. Louis, Cannabis, 2018
Because cannabis cultivation is illegal, there are no pesticides registered for use on cannabis in the United States, meaning there is little research on their use for this purpose [16]. The limited research suggests that this results in higher chemical residue levels [17]. There are apparently no direct studies on how pesticides in cannabis affects consumers of the product. A list of the toxic contaminants that have been found in both medical and recreational marijuana follows. Research has shown that cannabis extracts contain considerable amounts of pesticides [18]. Toxic agricultural chemicals found in cultivated marijuana [19–22] includes Pesticides: Bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, methamidophos, teflubenzuronFungicides: TebuconazoleGrowth Regulator: EthephonMosquito repellant: DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), malathion
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Some commercial pyrethroids are found in the following: allethrin (Pynamin), bifenthrin, bioresmethrin, cypermethrin (Ripcord), decamethrin, fenothrin, fenpropanate, fenvalerate (Belmark, Pydrin), permethrin (Ambush, Ectiban, Pounce), phthalthrin or tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin), and resmethrin (Synthrin, Chrysron).
Health risk assessment of 42 pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea from Fujian, China
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Qinghua Yao, Sun-An Yan, Jie Li, Minmin Huang, Qiu Lin
In China, Tieguanyin tea is harvested in the spring, summer, and autumn. However, spring and autumn are the main production seasons of Tieguanyin tea. This is because the taste of spring tea and the smell of autumn tea are highly praised by consumers (Xu et al. 2018, Zhou et al. 2019). And the differences in pest problems in tea plantations between spring and autumn lead to different patterns of pesticide usages. The relationship between the harvest season of Tieguanyin tea and pesticide residue level was investigated in this study. The positive percentage of samples harvested in spring and autumn was 77.8% and 67.7%, respectively. Imidacloprid was detected in 64.4% of the samples harvested in spring with the concentration ranging from 11 μg/kg to 2600 μg/kg (mean = 287 μg/kg), and in 46.7% of the samples harvested in autumn with the concentration ranging from16 μg/kg to 2700 μg/kg (mean = 295 μg/kg). Likewise, tolfenpyrad was found frequently with a mean concentration of 372 μg/kg in 15 spring tea samples, compared to 120 μg/kg in 15 autumn tea samples. Bifenthrin was found with a mean concentration of 787 μg/kg in 8 autumn tea samples, and 503 μg/kg in 9 spring tea samples (Table 4).
Protective effects of extracts of lichen Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi in bifenthrin- and diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula, Biljana Kukavica
Bifenthrin [2-methyl-3-phenyl phenylmethyl (1S,3S)-3-(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1- carboxylate] (Figure 1) belongs to third generation of pyrethroid insecticides and is a non-alpha cyano pyrethroid. It is characterized by greater photostability and higher insecticidal activity used to kill fire ant, malaria and filarial vector mosquitoes, and is very harmful to aquatic life. It causes tremors and impairs motor activity in rodents. The US EPA (1988) has categorized bifenthrin as Group C, i.e., human carcinogenicity, and WHO (1998) classified it as moderately toxic. According to the WHO/FAO, the ‘acceptable daily intake’ of bifenthrin for humans is 0.00–0.02 mg/kg body weight (Hougard et al.2002).
Metabolism of deltamethrin and cis- and trans-permethrin by human expressed cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase enzymes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Laura Hedges, Susan Brown, A. Kenneth MacLeod, Audrey Vardy, Edward Doyle, Gina Song, Marjory Moreau, Miyoung Yoon, Thomas G. Osimitz, Brian G. Lake
DLM (Lot: 0902200301; 99.4% pure) was provided by Bayer CropScience (Kansas City, MO). CPM (Lot: G0101:6; 99.3% pure) and TPM (lot: G026:89-2; 98.5% pure) were supplied by FMC Corporation (Ewing, NJ). Bifenthrin, used as an internal standard for DLM, CPM and TPM, (Reference Number PL09-0427; 98.1% pure) was obtained from FMC Corporation. All chemicals and labelled and unlabelled CES1 and CES2 specific peptides were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. (Gillingham, Dorset, UK) unless otherwise specified.