Plant-Based Essential Oils in The Treatment of Microbial Infections
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Regarding the chemical compounds present in the EO of C. verbenacea, it was observed that α-pirene (~ 30%), sabinene (15.69–69.68%), and β-caryophyllene (5.58–11.49%) are the major compounds (Table 11.1). Pimentel et al. (2012) showed a promising application of essential oil of C. verbenacea in periodontitis, using a topical application in a rat model, the authors showed a significant reduction of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, which are important putative period onto pathogens. In another study by de Carvalho et al. (2004), C. verbenacea EO showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast, however, most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to the action of EO. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity of the EO of C. verbenacea performed in a study by Rodrigues et al. (2012) showed a strong and similar activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 12692 and B. cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (multi-drug resistant E. coli 27), presenting MICs of 64 μg/mL. In addition, this study obtained as major compounds present in the EO the sesquiterpenes (83.66%), as ß-caryophyllene (25.4%), bicyclogermacrene (11.3%) d δ-cadinene (9.4%) and the monoterpene α-pinene (9.5%). In addition, the C. verbenace EO also acts synergistically with antibiotics, decreasing the MIC values obtained by the antibiotics used alone, as shown in the study by Matias et al. (2016).
Growth And Secondary Metabolites Production In Cultured Cells Of Liverworts
R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla in Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
In 1981 Takeda and Katoh12,50 examined the production of sesquiterpenoids in suspension-cultured cells of Calypogeia granulata. The yield of the volatile essential oil, composed mainly of various sesquiterpenoids, was 0.3% of the fresh cells harvested after 20 days of inoculation, which was twice that of the intact liverwort (Table 1). The major component of the oil was 1,4-dimethylazulene (1), an intensely blue-colored trinorsesquiterpene hydrocarbon. This compound had been isolated previously from C. trichomanis.51 In addition to 1,4-dimethylazulene, five new sesquiterpenoids, 3,10-dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene (2), 3,7-dimethylindene-5-carbaldehyde (3), trinoranastreptene (4), 2-acetoxy-3-hydroxybicyclogermacrene (5), and 3-acetoxy-2-hydroxybicyclogermacrene (6), were isolated together with a number of known sesquiterpenoids such as ledene and bicyclogermacrene from the cultured cells of C. granulata. 3,10-Dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene, an immediate precursor of 1,4-dimethylazulene, was found only in the cultured cells. As can be seen in Table 1 and in gas chromatograms of the volatile oils (Figure 1), the sesquiterpenoid compositions of the cultured cells and of the intact plants are qualitatively and quantitatively very similar to each other. Furthermore, redifferentiated thallus obtained by transferring the callus onto agar medium devoid of glucose was proven to contain similar sesquiterpenoids. The accumulation of an equal or larger amount of terpenoids of the same composition in the intact plant, cultured cells, and the redifferentiated thallus of C. granulata is very unique when compared to vascular plants.
Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Blepharocalix salicifolius (Kunth.) O. Berg. (Myrtaceae) is an aromatic spice of the Myrtaceae family which is widespread in South America. The EO of this plant was found to possess potent cytotoxic properties. As major constituents, bicyclogermacrene (17.5%), globulol (14.1%), viridiflorol (8.8%), γ-eudesmol (7.9%), and α-eudesmol (6.9%) were established. The authors found out that this EO showed cytotoxic effects against the MDA-MB-231 (46.60 μg/mL) breast cancer cell line by impairing the cellular metabolism of the cancer cells (Furtado et al., 2018).
The monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of essential oils obtained from Eryngium species and their chemical composition
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior, Carolina dos Santos Passos, Tiago Juliano Tasso de Souza, Fernanda Gobbi de Bitencourt, Juliana Salton, Sérgio Augusto de Loreto Bordignon, Amélia Teresinha Henriques
All the compounds identified for the essential oils, retention indices and their relative percentages are presented in Table 1. The main components observed were (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, spathulenol, and globulol. Germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene have already been extensively described as main constituents for other species of the genus, such as E. rosulatum P.W. Michael (Palá-Paúl et al. 2006), E. amethystinum L. (Flamini et al. 2008), and E. bourgatii Gouan (Palá-Paúl et al. 2005b). However, the detection of pentadecane as the main constituent of E. horridum is very atypical. In fact, the presence of aliphatic components in essential oils of Eryngium species is not common and, if they occur, it is usually in low concentrations.
Variability, toxicity, and antioxidant activity of Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp agrimony) essential oils
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Asta Judzentiene, Rasa Garjonyte, Jurga Budiene
Toxicity test of the six oil samples 3, 4, 17, 18, 21, and 22 showed that lethality (LC50) of brine shrimp (Artemia sera) larvae ranged from 16.3 to 22.0 μg/mL (Table 4). These data revealed that essential oils of E. cannabinum containing appreciable amounts of germacrene D (≤22.0%) and neryl acetate (≤19.7%) were notably toxic. There are some reports concerning toxicity of volatile oils rich in germacrene D (Dubey et al., 2007; Haber et al., 2008; Kiran & Devi, 2007; Ogutcu et al., 2008). The leaf essential oils of Talauma gloriensis with the most abundant components germacrene D (43.5%) also showed notable brine shrimp toxicity (LC50 value = 14.1 μg/mL) (Haber et al., 2008). Essential oils from Eupatorium cannabinum, Chloroxylon swietenia, and Trachyspermum ammi containing among main constituents germacrene D displayed remarkable mosquitocidal, larvicidal, and broad spectrum of fungitoxic activities (Dubey et al., 2007; Kiran & Devi, 2007). Volatile oils of Salvia limbata with major constituent spathulenol (29.3%) and germacrene D (24.7%) exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral activities (Ogutcu et al., 2008).
Enhancement of chlorhexidine activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of oral streptococci by two Croton spp. essential oils from the Caatinga biome
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Brendda Miranda Vasconcelos, Antônio Mateus Gomes Pereira, Paulo Adenes Teixeira Coelho, Rafaela Mesquita Bastos Cavalcante, Daniela Santos Carneiro-Torres, Paulo Nogueira Bandeira, Felipe Ferreira da Silva, Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues, Geovany Amorim Gomes, Victor Alves Carneiro
More than 98% of the chemical constituents present in EOs were identified. EOAr was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, with α-pinene (54.74%) in greater abundance and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, as represented by 16.08%bicyclogermacrene. EOPg, in turn, presented as major constituents 1,8-cineole (17.41%), belonging to the class of oxygenated monoterpenes, methyleugenol (16.06%) and elemicin (15.99%), both from the benzenoid class, which was not detected in the EOAr composition.