Chemophobia and the Boy Who Cried Wolf
David Lightsey in The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
Dr. Josh Bloom, the Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science for the ACSH, provides the following examples illustrating how irrational this decision is using three of the seven chemicals banned. The following examples are taken from Dr. Bloom’s May 29, 2018 article Enviro-Thugs Sue To Keep Natural Food Flavors Out of Food.15Myrcene: Occurs naturally in lemongrass, hops, basil, and mangos, and ginger.Pulegone: Is another naturally occurring chemical that is found all over the place. The minty-smelling chemical is found in peppermint, spearmint, blueberries, chamomile, black currant, catnip, black tea. . . . Like myrcene, pulegone is listed as a carcinogen on Crazifornia’s Prop 65 list.Methyleugenol: Is a clove-scented chemical that is also found widely in plants and fruits, for example, nutmeg, apples, banana, orange juice, grapefruit, among others.
Lemongrass
Mehwish Iqbal in Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Studies have demonstrated that the constituents of terpenoids in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus vary in accordance with the genetic variations, plant parts used, geographical origin, extraction methods, maturity stage and harvesting season (Idrees et al., 2012; Ewansiha et al., 2013). In spite of the variations mentioned, myrcene (Figure 18.2) continues to exist as a distinct constituent of this species in fluctuating quantities (Bossou et al., 2013; Kuete, 2017). However, Cymbopogon citratus has been stated to consist of a high quantity of citral around 80%, which is a blend of geranial and terpenoids neral and is accountable for the lemon-like smell that distinguishes the species (Kuete, 2017).Chemical structure of myrcene.
Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Metabolic pathways of myrcene (302) and citronellene (309) by microorganisms and insects are summarized in Figure 22.205. β-Myrcene (302) was metabolized with D. gossypina ATCC 10936 (Abraham et al., 1985) to the diol (303) and a side product (304). β-Myrcene (302) was metabolized with G. applanatum, P. flabellatus, and P. sajor-caju to myrcenol (305) (2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-2-ol) and 306 (Busmann and Berger, 1994).
Machine learning techniques applied to the drug design and discovery of new antivirals: a brief look over the past decade
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Valtair Severino dos Santos Júnior, Jadson Castro Gertrudes, Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Kathia Maria Honorio
Sabatino et al. (2020) also experimentally evaluated compounds predicted from an in-house library with 90 extracted essential oils as potential HSV-1 inhibitors. Differently, in this study discriminant analysis and partial least squares (PLS) were conducted to distinguish active and inactive samples, as well as cytotoxic or low cytotoxic ones, respectively. The authors identified β-myrcene, limonene, 3-octanol, and chrysanthenone as crucial components in the essential oils and with biological potential. In addition, four of the five predicted essential oils presented anti-HSV-1 activity [165]. Finally, many other studies developed models or tools to predict broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Qureshi et al. (2015) also employed RF, in combination with SVM and other models, to discover antiviral peptides as broad-spectrum candidates. The authors used 759 compounds from antiviral peptides datasets and developed a new model at the time, the AVP-IC(50)Pred. The combination of RF and SVM models showed the best performance, with Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) greater than 0.5 (the best model showed PCC = 0.66 for 10-fold cross-validation and 0.74 for the independent dataset) [53].
The ‘entourage effect’ or ‘hodge-podge hashish’: the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Peter S. Cogan
Multiple terpenes are found in varying concentrations across cannabis chemovars and have been given special attention in the literature with regard to the EE; the prevailing speculation being that terpenes may serve as the otherwise ‘inactive’ plant components suggested by Mechoulam to modulate the effects of cannabinoids in WP-FS-BS products [3,4,5]. In one of the few actual demonstrations of terpene modulation of cannabinoid activity Jansen et al. have recently reported that β-myrcene – the highest concentration terpene by weight in many cannabis chemovars – interferes with CBD signaling at TRPV1 receptors through allosteric and possibly competitive mechanisms, though any therapeutic value in these observations is yet to be determined [28,29]. In any event, β-myrcene is associated with renal toxicity including carcinogenicity [30]. Other terpenes commonly found in cannabis include pulegone, which has been associated with both hepatic and pulmonary toxicity; caryophyllene oxide and carvacrol, which have demonstrated toxicity to mitochondria; and eucalyptol which has been associated with the precipitation of seizures [31,32,33,34]. In light of the many AEs attending this exceedingly abbreviated list of cannabis components, it’s hard not to wonder at the lack of research into how an EE might worsen each, particularly given the many exacerbations noted below.
Neuroprotective effects of Foeniculum vulgare seeds extract on lead-induced neurotoxicity in mice brain
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Sheharbano Bhatti, Syed Adnan Ali Shah, Touqeer Ahmed, Saadia Zahid
The 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) spectra of n-hexane extracts of Foeniculum vulgare seeds were recorded in ambient temperature, showed proton resonances at upfield region between δ 0.8 to 2.0. This indicated the presence of less polar monoterpenes possibly γ-terpinen, α-pinene, limonene, myrcene, farnesene, bergamoil, 1,8-cineol and anethol. Given 1H NMR spectra also identified OH-bearing methine and olefinic protons, which characterized the presence of α,β-unsaturated monoterpene acid and oxidative products of monoterpenes (Figure 4(d)). The detailed inspection of 1H NMR (500 MHz, D2O) spectra of water extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds indicated that water extract contains natural organic tannins. Tannins are generally polyphenolic compounds containing sugar moiety (Figure 4(c)). In summary, the detailed investigation of 1H NMR spectra of above-mentioned extracts shows the similarity of chemical entities in polar extracts as compare nonpolar extracts. This has been concluded that polar extracts consist of polar chemical constituents such as flavonoids and terpenoids (Figure 4(a–d); Suppl. Figure 2(a,b)) (De Marino et al. 2007, Zellagui et al. 2011, Esquivel-Ferriño et al. 2012, Rather et al. 2016).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cymbopogon
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