The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Data on penetration characteristics for these wettable powder fungicides through gloves were identified for benomyl, captan, chlorothalonil, and folpet.33–36 Based on breakthrough times, Sol-Vex Nitrile gloves provided at least 4 h of protection against benomyl (tested as a concentrated emulsion), whereas a thinner disposable nitrile glove provided less than 4 h of protection.35 The breakthrough times for Sol-Vex and a disposable nitrile glove were less than 4 h for folpet (as a concentrated emulsion), but similarly, the permeation rate was significantly lower for the thicker Sol-Vex product.36 Similar results were observed for chlorothalonil (tested as a solid and emulsion), in which Sol-Vex provided additional protection.34 The breakthrough time for a disposable nitrile glove was less than 2 h for captan (as a concentrated emulsion).33 Thus, nitrile gloves have been shown to provide a limited level of protection against these fungicides, with the thicker Sol-Vex gloves providing additional chemical resistance to breakthrough and permeation. Given the low breakthrough times, irrespectively of glove type, gloves should be replaced every 2 h or whenever contaminated.
General Overview on Toxicological Responses and Routes of Chemical Exposure
Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach in Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Even with relevant route of administration, e.g., oral gavage and dietary exposure, distinctly different potency of developmental toxicity on similar toxicants may be observed. Such is true in the case of benomyl, a herbicide. When dosed by gavage to animals, it demonstrates more potent developmental toxic effects at lower dosage than when administered to animals in a diet mix during organogenesis.22 Few agents, however, demonstrate a strength of developmental toxicity similar to that of oral administration when administered dermally. One of the exceptions is a potent animal teratogen, nitrofen. When given dermally it was equally teratogenic compared to oral dosing.23 This is due to the fact that nitrofen is readily and rapidly absorbed through the skin. The above examples simply point out that the route of administration along with other essential biological parameters must be taken into consideration when evaluating human health risks.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
C. Yan Cheng in Spermatogenesis, 2018
Carbamates are used as insecticides and fungicides. Maneb is a widely used fungicide in agriculture. Exposure of maneb (1 and 4 mg/kg BW/day, i.p.) for 9–18 days to male rats reduced testosterone production and CYP11A1 activity in Leydig cells.192 Carbendazim is a metabolite of benomyl, one of the most widespread environmental contaminants. Exposure to carbendazim (25 mg/kg BW/day) to male rats for 48 days significantly reduced testosterone levels and 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD3 activities without affecting serum LH levels.193 Exposure to carbendazim to rats also caused an increase in ROS production and the downregulation of Star mRNA levels. The addition of a flavonoid can prevent this, suggesting an ROS-inducing mechanism.194
Glutathione reductase and catalase as potential biomarkers for synergistic intoxication of pesticides in fish
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Ankur Khare, Naina Chhawani, Kanchan Kumari
The increase in LDH levels in serum till 72 h can be justified with the fact that the pesticides were toxic enough to pose a threat to heart of fish. The LDH enzyme, an isoenzyme present in the heart muscle, leaks into the blood in case of major injuries in the heart. Thus, the progressive increase in LDH activity in serum indicates that pesticides can also cause damage to the heart muscle in the fish Catla catla and makes the fish vulnerable to cardiac myopathies. Similar finding has been reported by (Min and Kang 2008) upon exposure of benomyl on Oreochromis niloticus. The activity of LDH serum has decreased during 96 h which might be due to the activity of ROS in vivo. Although, LDH enzyme is a stable enzyme towards oxidation, the sudden decrease may be due to activity of oxidative enzymes coping to nullify the effect of ROS generated in the body (Alttas and Haffor 2010, Vasylkiv and Lushchak 2010. It has been reported by some authors that LDH activity can be a vital biomarker for oxidative stress (Alttas and Haffor 2010). Upon correlation for LDH serum and LDH muscle, a strong positive correlation coefficient of 0.89 was accounted clearly depicting parallel increase between both biomarkers enzymes.
Advances in understanding and managing Scedosporium respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Yohann Le Govic, Samar Kabbara, Bernard Cimon, Rachid Zouhair, Monzer Hamze, Nicolas Papon, Gilles Nevez
Fungi of the genus Scedosporium are usually soil saprophytes, with a worldwide distribution. These fungi have been reported from all continents and from a large diversity of nutrient-rich substrates, including guano of bats, chickens and blackbirds, manure of livestock, poultry or cattle, ditch muds, pond bottoms, swamps, muds of coastal tidelands, polluted waters and WWTP effluents (for a review, see Rougeron et al. [46]). The isolation of these fungi from these substrates may be explained by their ability to survive in poorly aerated environments, their tolerance to high salt concentrations and osmotic pressures, and their ability to use aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatic pollutants as a source of carbon and energy. Nevertheless, all these reports deal with sporadic isolations, and the ecology of Scedosporium species has been clarified only recently thanks to the development of selective culture media using the resistance of these fungi to benomyl, or the particular biochemical properties of these fungi. For instance, Rainer et al. [47] described a semi-selective culture medium, called Sce-Sel +, containing dichloran and benomyl, but the highest selectivity and sensitivity were obtained with the Scedo-Select III culture medium which combines these inhibitors and the use of 4-hydroxybenzoate as the sole carbon source [48].
Therapeutic targets for the treatment of microsporidiosis in humans
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2018
Microtubules are a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells and critical in the formation of the mitotic spindle, cytoskeleton, flagella, and cilia. Microtubules are formed by polymerization of tubulin which is a dimeric protein composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin (Figure 1(b)) [115]. Benzimidazoles are a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound which consists of the fusion of benzene and imidazole. These drugs are inhibitors of microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin and disturbing the self-association of tubulin subunit [116,117]. The benzimidazoles include: albendazole, cambendazole, benomyl, carbendazim, fenbendazole, mebendazole, and triclabendazole. These compounds have diverse biological activity and applications including antifungal, anticancer, antihelminthic, antiviral, anti-histaminic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant properties, and antihypertensive effects [118,119]. They have been used since the 1960s as antihelminthic agents in veterinary and human medicine, and as antifungal agents in agriculture [115,120–124].
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