Antimicrobial Agents
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Antibiotics are commonly classified into their:Type of action:Bactericidal: work by killing bacteria.Bacteriostatic: work by stopping the bacteria from multiplying.Mechanism of action:Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis.Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.Inhibitors of protein acid synthesis (including anti-metabolites).
Recent Advances in the Utilization of Bioengineered Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi in Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
The small size of nanomaterials of 10–100 nm and large surface area contribute to its unique biological, physical and chemical properties (WHO, 2010; Jain and Pradeep, 2005). Silver nanoparticles, for instance, have been reported to receive substantial attention in pharmacological and medical research because of their action against microbial activity against drug-resistant and drug-sensitive bacteria and bacteriostatic effect. Bactericidal effect is preferred to bacteriostatic effect because it provides quicker relief from infection and displays little incidence of drug resistance. Likewise, there have been reported action of silver nanoparticles against hepatitis B and the HIV-1, though there are no reports of this nanoparticle against drug resistance and Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis so far (Elechiguerra et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2008).
Fillers for Acne Scarring
Antonella Tosti, Maria Pia De Padova, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Kenneth R. Beer in Acne Scars, 2018
PLLA is a biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic polymer of lactic acid. It was initially approved by the FDA in 2004 for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) lipoatrophy, however, it soon became approved in 2009 as Sculptra Aesthetic (Galderma, Dallas, TX, USA) for cosmetic concerns such as shallow-to-deep nasolabial fold contour deficiencies and other facial wrinkles. PLLA is produced through corn dextrose fermentation and prepared as micronized lipophilic PLLA with an average particle size of 4–63 μm. Each glass vial contains 367.5 mg of PLLA in a suspension of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and nonpyrogenic mannitol. Reconstitution with 7–8 ccs of bacteriostatic water and 1 cc of lidocaine 1% with or without epinephrine 1:100,000 always occurs at least 2 hours prior to injection, but is ideally done overnight [2,12,13]. Technically, the manufacturer recommends sterile water for the reconstitution. However, the vast majority of physicians use preservative (bacteriostatic water) because the preservative makes the injection process less painful for the patient.
Repurposing FDA-approved sulphonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Nader S. Abutaleb, Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny, Alessio Nocentini, Chad S. Hewitt, Ahmed Elkashif, Bruce R. Cooper, Claudiu T. Supuran, Mohamed N. Seleem, Daniel P. Flaherty
The CAIs were assessed in killing kinetics assay and evaluated for post-antibiotic effects to further understand their antimicrobial properties. Recently we showed that AZM and analogs exhibit bacteriostatic effects against N. gonorrhoeae37. Unsurprisingly, the same bacteriostatic effect was observed for EZM (Figure 3). Yet, both AZM and EZM were found to significantly reduce N. gonorrhoeae burden as compared to DMSO (negative control). After 24 h, EZM reduced N. gonorrhoeae burden by 0.4-log10 units. In addition, where at the 24-h time point the molecule provided approximately 2.5-log10-reduction in N. gonorrhoeae load compared to the DMSO-treated control. Azithromycin and ceftriaxone each exhibited bactericidal activity consistent with previous reports58,79.
Systematic review on activity of liposomal encapsulated antioxidant, antibiotics, and antiviral agents
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Reshna K. R, Preetha Balakrishnan, Sreerag Gopi
Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents which are powerful weapon against bacterial diseases. The synthetic antimicrobial and biological products of non-microbial origin having antagonistic effects on bacteria. Some antibiotics are able to completely kill other bacteria, they are called bactericidal. While others inhibiting bacterial growth are termed as bacteriostatic. There are several ways of classification of antibiotics, based on their mode of action and spectrum of activity. Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics are two classifications according to their spectrum activity. In broad spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit a broad group of bacteria. For example, antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacteria. In narrow spectrum antibiotics, it will kill or inhibit the limited species of bacteria (Salem et al.2005).
The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Lucrezia Bottalico, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Maria Assunta Potenza, Monica Montagnani, Luigi Santacroce
While definitive therapy depends on the microbiologic diagnosis by isolation, empirical therapy should be based on a clinical diagnosis combined with literature evidence and physician experience. Empirical use of antibiotics should be justified in patients with life threatening infections, in ICU settings and while awaiting results of culture. To optimize an accurate microbiological diagnosis, clinicians should ensure that properly obtained specimens are promptly submitted to the microbiology laboratory. Antibiotics work by eliminating the majority of bacteria while allowing the immune system to handle the remaining germs. Besides choosing the right antibiotics (based on their activity spectrum and mode of action), the proper duration of the correct antibiotic therapy is a priority, since not finishing the full course increases the likelihood of recurrence, and also promotes the development of drug resistance. This is particularly relevant when considering the bactericidal or bacteriostatic nature of the antimicrobial agent used. Concomitantly, factors affecting antibiotic activity such as poor bioavailability for incorrect route of administration, renal excretion, other drugs’ interactions, and allergy must be considered before prescribing the chosen antibiotic, to avoid or limit long-term toxicities in specific patients. Therefore, antibiotic therapy should be reevaluated in order to escalate or deescalate doses according to the efficacy achieved and to increased risk of side effects.