Bacitracin
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Bacitracin is a mixture of at least nine related cyclic polypeptides (of which bacitracin A is the major constituent) produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var. Tracy. As a toxic and difficult-to-use antibiotic, bacitracin doesn’t work well orally. It is mainly used in ointment form for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, as well as for the prevention of wound infections In pharmaceutical products, both bacitracin and bacitracin zinc (CAS number 1405-89-6, EC number 215-787-8, molecular formula C122H201N33O33S2Zn) may be employed (1).
Bacitracin and Gramicidin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Bacitracin is highly active against most Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Group C and G beta-hemolytic streptococci are generally less susceptible, and group B streptococci are usually resistant (Baker et al., 1976; Finland et al., 1976). Susceptibility of Enterococcus species is variable, and high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are frequently found (Mondy et al., 2001; Tran et al., 2015). Corynebacterium diphtheriae is susceptible. Clostridium difficile is commonly susceptible and the majority of strains are synergistically inhibited by the combination of bacitracin and rifampicin (Bacon et al., 1991). However, recent surveys show very high MICs in the majority of clinical isolates in some regions of the world (Citron et al., 2003; Mackin et al., 2015). Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is also variable (see Citron et al., 2003).
Open fractures and associated soft tissue injuries
Sebastian Dawson-Bowling, Pramod Achan, Timothy Briggs, Manoj Ramachandran, Stephen Key, Daud Chou in Orthopaedic Trauma, 2014
A number of potential additives may be combined with saline for irrigating open wounds. However, the gold standard remains normal saline. Other solutions or additives include: Antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine, iodine and hydrogen peroxide.Antibiotics such as bacitracin, polymyxin and neomycin.Soap/surfactants.
Posterior auricular muscle patch graft for exposed orbital implant
Published in Orbit, 2019
Catherine Y. Liu, Michael G. Sun, Scott Jones, Pete Setabutr
1% Lidocaine with 1:100,000 parts epinephrine was injected subcutaneously in the post auricular area near the site of incision (Figure 1) and on the helix of the external ear. The post auricular area was then exposed by placement of a 4-0 silk traction suture through the helix and rotated anteriorly to the cheek. An incision was made in the post auricular crease using a #15 blade. Dissection was continued subcutaneously where the posterior auricular muscle and fascia were identified. An appropriately sized patch graft was harvested using a #15 blade and scissors and set aside in sterile saline. Good hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery. The wound was then closed in layers using buried 4-0 vicryl sutures to re-approximate the remaining posterior auricular muscle and interrupted 4-0 vicryl to close the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Bacitracin ointment was applied to the post auricular donor site. Perioperative IV cefazolin was given.
Regulatory role of thiol isomerases in thrombus formation
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Bacitracin is a topical antibiotic used as an inhibitor of thiol isomerases in the laboratory for decades [102]. It is a non-specific inhibitor of thiol isomerases, low in potency, and highly nephrotoxic, precluding its clinical use as an antithrombotic agent. Similarly, aminoglycosides bind and inhibit PDI but only in toxic doses. Several synthetic PDI antagonists have also been synthesized in recent years. To give an example, ML359 was identified as a potent, selective inhibitor of PDI by high throughput screening of another small molecule library after discovery of flavonoids as PDI inhibitors [103]. Other examples include juniferdin, PACMA-31, adenanthin, phenyl vinyl sulfonate, and RB-11-ca that have been tested for other indications but not thrombosis [104]. Inhibitors of other non-PDI thiol isomerases as antithrombotic agents have not been tested.
Complications and posttreatment care following invasive laser skin resurfacing: A review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
Dan Li, Shi-Bin Lin, Biao Cheng
Ross reported his experiences in his study and suggested that the use of oral narrow-spectrum antibiotics against Gram-positive organisms prevented infection more effectively than no use of oral or topical antibiotics(61). Whereas his study was a small trial that included only 8 cases, in Walia’s retrospective study, the author compared the outcome of postoperative bacterial infection with or without antibiotic prophylaxis in 133 cases of full-face CO2 laser resurfacing. The study showed that the rate of bacterial infection was not significantly decreased with the use of prophylactic antibiotics(62). However, a larger study by Manuskiatti, involving 356 sequential patients who underwent facial CO2 ablative LSR found that the rate of bacterial infections among patients without antibiotic prophylaxis was 8.2%, whereas the infection rate decreased to 4.3% in patients taking oral ciprofloxacin. The use of antibacterial ointment should be avoided because the bacitracin contained in antibiotic ointments may cause contact dermatitis(63). Furthermore, the data from several subsequent large-scale studies have also demonstrated that the rate of infection after LSR treatment is quite low, typically <1% for ablative LSR and even lower for fractional LSR(36,37). The low rate of infection maybe related to the special type of thermal damage induced by LSR treatment, which can produce a thermocidal effect. Thus, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis remains controversial.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Intramuscular Injection
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