Fluorescence in Phytopreparations
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina in Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Interactions between compounds within model mixtures in ethanol and oil such as azulene-chlorophyll, anthocyanin-chlorophyll, or flavonoid anthocyanin–azulene—are shown in Figure 5.5. Azulene, soluble in ethanol, fluoresces from 380 to 430–460 nm depending on the excitation wavelength. The commercial azulene reagent also shows an additional maximum 675 nm, like chlorophyll. Unlike azulene, carotene is soluble only in a hydrophobic native medium such as oil. Films of azulene and carotene, air-dried on glass slides, fluoresce with maximum 430 nm in blue and 530 nm in greenish-yellow, respectively. In a mixture of both compounds in films, a peak 515 nm is observed. Anthocyanins fluoresce with maxima in blue (415 nm) and in yellow-red (595–600 and 650–660 nm). In mixtures of ethanolic solutions of azulene and anthocyanin, the spectrum does not contain a maximum at 675–695 nm. Of particular interest are the interactions between chlorophyll and azulene, the mixture of which shows red emission. This leads to a shift in the blue peak of chlorophyll, which moves to a shorter region of the spectrum, while the red maximum is at the same site as for chlorophyll. In other words, the changes are linked to the blue emission.
Growth And Secondary Metabolites Production In Cultured Cells Of Liverworts
R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla in Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
During the course of isolation of sesquiterpenoids from suspension cultured cells of Calypogeia granulata a labile hydrocarbon, 3,10-dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene (2), was isolated as the first example of dihydroazulene carrying a chiral center (C-10).12 This dihydro derivative is easily converted into 1,4-dimethyl azulene (1) by exposure to air and is an immediate precursor of the latter. Only traces of dihydroazulene were detected in the intact plants or in the cells cultured for prolonged period. This suggests that the labile intermediate is metabolized to the final product with the aging of the plant materials. In addition to the dihydroazulene, another trinorsesquiterpenoid, 3,7-dimethylindene-5-carbaldehyde (3), was isolated from C. granulata cells. A related compound, 3,7-dimethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl indene (9), has been isolated together with 1,4-dimethylazulene and 4-methyl-l-methoxycarbonylazulene from C. trichomanis.12 These rarely occurring indene-type natural compounds are interesting from the viewpoint of biosynthesis (Scheme 1). Meuche and Huneck72 presented a hypothesis in which the indene carbon skeleton is originated from intermediate A by ring contraction via route a followed by dehydrogenation and oxidative cleavage of the side chain. In another possibility, the ring contraction via either route b or c in a hypothetical intermediate B formed from intermediate A by elimination of an isopropyl group also leads to the indene carbon skeleton. This was examined by feeding C. granulata cells with 2-13C-acetate.73 The cells were grown for 30 days in a medium supplemented with 5 mM 2-13C-acetate instead of glucose. The locations of 13C in 1,4-dimethylazulene (1) and 3,7-dimethylindene-5-carbaldehyde (3), as determined by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), were carbons 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 1-CH3, and 4-CH3 in the former and carbons 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 3-CH3, and 7-CH3 in the latter, respectively. Thus, 3,10-dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene and, subsequently, 1,4-dimethylazulene were clearly demonstrated to be formed from farnesyl pyrophosphate via a hypothetical intermediate A as shown in Scheme 1. The absence of label on the aldehyde carbon atom of 3,7-dimethylindene-5-carbaldehyde (3) indicates that this carbonyl carbon originates from C-6 by migration of the C-C bond in intermediate B via route b. The driving force for this ring contraction is the formation of a carbonium ion at C-7 by elimination of the isopropyl group. 3,7-Dimethyl-5-methoxycarbonylindene (9) in C. trichomanis should be formed in the same way.
Insights into the potential mechanism underlying liver dysfunction in male albino rat exposed to gasoline fumes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Folarin Owagboriaye, Sulaimon Aina, Rasheed Oladunjoye, Titilola Salisu, Adedamola Adenekan, Gabriel Dedeke
A total of 23 hydrocarbon components were detected in the gasoline used for this study (Supplementary Table S1). Toluene has the highest percentage composition in the gasoline sample. This was followed by o-xylene, naphthalene, undecane, ethylbenzene and p-Xylene. A total of seventeen (17) hydrocarbon components, including gasoline metabolites, were detected in the liver of the experimental rats (Table 3). Benzene was detected in the liver of rats in all the groups. However, benzene level was significantly reduced in group I. Paracyclophane and ethylbenzene were only detected in the liver of rats in group III. Similarly, 4,7-Methano-1 H-indene, Azulene, Cyclobutane, 3-Phenylthiane, Quinoline and 1-benzylindole were only detected in the liver of rats in group V.
Seasonal Variation of Phyto-Constituents of Tea Leaves Affects Antiproliferative Potential
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Sayantan Maitra, Arnab De, Bhaskar Das, Sudipendra Nath Roy, Ranadhir Chakraborty, Amalesh Samanta, Subhrajit Bhattacharya
Preliminary phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of nearly all commonly tested phytoconstituents in both MECR and MECA except triterpenoids and sesquiterpenes, which were present exclusively in MECR as shown in Table 1. The total flavonoid content in MECR and MECA was found to be 95 ± 3.9 mg and 90.1 ± 6.3 mg quercetin equivalent/g of each of the extract powders, respectively, in reference to the standard curve. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) data enabled identification of the biochemicals present in MECR and MECA samples (Table 2). Both the samples showed a conspicuous peak (near retention time of 20 min) corresponding to caffeine (Figure 1(a) and (b)). Three peaks, corresponding to the presence of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester at 23 min, cyclobarbital at nearly 25 min, and benz[e]azulene derivative near 30 minutes, were present in MECR (Figure 1(a)) but absent in MECA (Figure 1(b)). The presence of additional phytochemicals in MECR may have contributed to increased antitumorigenic activity in comparison to MECA.
Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Shree Madhu Bhat, Piya Paul Mudgal, Sudheesh n, Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
Protease and fusion inhibitors though are of potential value towards antiviral drug development, identification and selection of the enzyme assay protocols, predictive enough of the selectivity of the viral protein under study, remain the actual challenge. A useful element to validate such studies would be protein crystallization with the inhibitor [75]. Some of the complex natural products also display substantial antiviral activity. It will be worthwhile to access the chemical structures of such molecules and modify the chemical skeletons to more drug-like molecules with acceptable ADME properties. Among compounds sharing common structural feature, for example, the substituted benzo[e]azulene derived structure, the compound lacking the extra phenyl rings, two chlorine atoms, four oxygen bridges, and the alkene side chain, but possessing a characteristic long tetradecanoic ester exhibited better anti-CHIKV activity (Figure 5 b) [75].
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