Use of Critically Important Antimicrobials in Food Production
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Many classes of antibiotics used in food animals are the same as used in people. This includes groups classified as “critically important” for human use by the WHO (WHO, 2011; WHO, 2013; Collignon et al., 2009). Although many antibiotics can be the same as those used in humans (e.g. ampicillin), others are in the same class but are not used in people. These agents often have unfamiliar names to medical workers but nevertheless are from similar drug classes as agents used in human health. For example, ceftiofur is a commonly used third-generation cephalosporin in animal production but in fact is very similar to ceftriaxone (see Chapter 27, Ceftriaxone). Similarly, tylosin is a high-volume usage macrolide administered only in animals, and avoparcin is a glycopeptide similar to vancomycin (see Chapter 43, Vancomycin), which was used as an animal growth promoter.
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani in Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Also in Denmark, the prevalence of VRE in pigs persisted for three years after the ban of avoparcin, until growth promoter tylosin (a macrolide) was prohibited. The ban on tylosin was related to a reduction in the prevalence of VRE in pigs. The genetic characterization of VRE isolated from these animals revealed the presence of plasmids encoding resistance to glycopeptides and macrolides, suggesting that the resistance to vancomycin could have been a consequence of using tylosin after the avoparcin prohibition (Hasman and Aarestrup 2005).
Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry
Adorjan Aszalos in Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Vancomycin (42) and the additional representatives of the vancomycin group of antibiotics (actinoidin, ristocetin, ristomycin, avoparcin, and antibiotic A 35512 B, and others) are amphoteric glycopeptide compounds with relatively high molecular weight (1420—2063 daltons) [133,134].
Improving the attrition rate of Lanthipeptide discovery for commercial applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Mengxin Geng, Leif Smith
Finding a suitable heterologous organism to produce new lanthipeptides can be a good alternative. Lactococcus lactis, the producing strain of nisin, has been developed into the NIsin Controlled gene Expression system for more than 20 years [39]. Briefly, when a gene of interest, usually the structural gene of a lanthipeptide, is placed downstream of the promotor of nisA, expression of that gene can be induced by adding subinhibitory amounts of nisin (0.1–5 ng/ml) to the culture. Subsequently, the product is expected to be modified by dehydratase NisB [40] and cyclase NisC [41]. With leader peptide gene sequence of nisin attached, a novel type II two-component lanthipeptide pneumococcins A1 and A2 with no homology to nisin was expressed and modified [31], as was demonstrated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) modification of the products. Together with the fact that the produced lanthipeptide is active against Micrococcus flavus, the correct PTM modifications are likely to have formed. In a more recent study, nisin expression system was used to produce at least five novel bioactive lanthipeptides [34]. Out of 54 novel putative lanthipeptides that were identified by genome mining using BAGEL3, 5 novel lanthipeptides were successfully expressed with activity against selected pathogenic bacteria using the nisin producing strain. Flavucin, one of the most active lanthipeptides, was twofold more active than nisin against a vancomycin and avoparcin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Enteritis
- Vancomycin
- Glycopeptide Antibiotic
- Gram-Positive Bacteria