Bladder Cancers
Peter G. Shields in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
According to the Working Groups of the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs Programme, seven arylamines have been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) or “probably” carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Categorized as such are three specific occupational chemicals (2-naphthylamine, benzidine, and MOCA), one medication (Chlornaphazine), one group of industrial compounds (benzidine-based dyes, i.e., Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95), and two manufacturing processes (manufacture of auramine and magenta). Whereas for the other chemicals or industrial processes, the evidence of carcinogenicity in humans was sufficient, benzidine-based dyes and MOCA were considered “probably” carcinogenic because of a high level of evidence in experimental animals.
Pharyngitis
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The diagnosis is usually clear because of the association with pulmonary disease, both clinically and radiologically, although pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastases is the obvious differential. Microscopic examination of stained smears for acid-fast bacilli is still one of the most useful tests for the initial diagnosis of TB. Although less sensitive and specific than culture, the sensitivity can be greatly improved by using phenol auramine stain as compared with the older Ziehl–Neelsen technique. Semi-automated and continuous monitoring systems developed specifically for the isolation of mycobacteria include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests to detect antigens and PCR to detect genetic elements.
Fluorescence in Histochemical Reactions
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina in Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Among fluorescent histochemical methods, there are only a few real dyes for lipids that have been applied to plant tissues. Among these is auramine O, used for cut sections of leaves from medicinal Agave spp. as well as for Dianthus and Brassica spp. (Gahan 1984). The samples are stained in a 0.01% solution of the dye for10 min, after which unsaturated acidic waxes fluoresce in greenish-yellow under blue light excitation in a fluorescence microscope. In some cases, many fluorescent flavonoids and coumarins, contained in secretory cells enriched oils, serve as markers for lipids and lipophilic compounds in thin-layer chromatography (Wagner and Bladt 1996).
Lack of reactivation of tuberculosis in patients with psoriasis treated with secukinumab in a real-world setting of latent tuberculosis infection
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Matteo Megna, Cataldo Patruno, Maria Rita Bongiorno, Alessio Gambardella, Claudio Guarneri, Caterina Foti, Serena Lembo, Francesco Loconsole, Gabriella Fabbrocini
In our study, there were no cases of active TBC or TBC reactivation among 59 psoriasis patients with latent TBC treated with secukinumab for a mean time of 84 weeks of therapy. Of note, the sample also included 10 (17%) patients who did not undergo TBC prophylaxis prior to secukinumab treatment. Hence, our real-life data further supports data from phase III clinical trials, which showed no cases of TBC reactivation with secukinumab (15,18,21). Secukinumab is not likely to induce TB reactivation probably because, unlike TNF-α, IL-17 is not involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infection reactivation. Indeed, it appears that, as the target of IL-17A antibody treatments, such as secukinumab, is downstream of the immune pathway, reactivation of latent TBC or other opportunistic infections is minimized (16,28,31). These data are also all supported by an in vitro study of Kammuller et al. (33), who examined the effect of the anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, adalimumab, and secukinumab on dormant M. tuberculosis H37Rv in a novel human three-dimensional microgranuloma model. In particular, they showed that secukinumab was comparable to control treatment, indicating a lack of effect on M. tuberculosis dormancy. In contrast, adalimumab showed increased staining for Auramine-O, decreased Nile red staining and decreased rifampicin resistance, indicative of mycobacterial reactivation (33).
Chapter 3: Diagnosis of tuberculosis disease and drug-resistant tuberculosis
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
Marcel A. Behr, Simon Grandjean Lapierre, Dennis Y. Kunimoto, Robyn S. Lee, Richard Long, Inna Sekirov, Hafid Soualhine, Christine Y. Turenne
Sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used test for TB disease.26 Two stains are widely used: 1) the traditional Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun staining, which requires a light or bright field microscopy and 2) the auramine-rhodamine stain, which requires fluorescence microscopy (see Appendix 1). In most high-income countries (including Canada), fluorescence microscopy is standard practice because it can be read at a lower magnification than the classic Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun stain, thus allowing slides to be read more quickly.28 The sensitivity of all staining methods, however, is inferior to that of culture. The threshold of detection of AFB in concentrated specimens using a fluorochrome stain is 5,000-10,00045,46 bacteria/mL of sputum and is 100,000 bacteria/mL using the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The threshold of detection in unconcentrated smears is 10-fold higher, resulting in much lower sensitivity. This is important to remember, since often “stat” smears are unconcentrated. In contrast, as few as 10 viable bacteria can be detected by culture.
Infectious Keratitis Caused by Rare and Emerging Micro-Organisms
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Pranita Sahay, Siddhi Goel, Ritu Nagpal, Prafulla K. Maharana, Rajesh Sinha, Tushar Agarwal, Namrata Sharma, Jeewan S. Titiyal
Mycobacterium spp. outside the M. tuberculosis species complex are grouped as non-tubercular or atypical mycobacteria.3 Most common organisms implicated in ocular infections are M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, and M. abscessus belong to the rapidly growing group.4 Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun stain is used for its identification.4 Auramine-rhodamine stain, a fluorescein-conjugated stain is used for its rapid detection.3 Many atypical mycobacteria species are commonly found as contaminants in water-tubings, which may explain their association to keratitis.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide
- Dye
- Ethanol
- Rhodamine B
- Mycobacterium
- Staining
- Acid-Fastness
- Mycolic Acid
- Ziehl–Neelsen Stain
- Schiff Test