Bladder Cancers
Peter G. Shields in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
According to the Working Groups of the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs Programme, seven arylamines have been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) or “probably” carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Categorized as such are three specific occupational chemicals (2-naphthylamine, benzidine, and MOCA), one medication (Chlornaphazine), one group of industrial compounds (benzidine-based dyes, i.e., Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95), and two manufacturing processes (manufacture of auramine and magenta). Whereas for the other chemicals or industrial processes, the evidence of carcinogenicity in humans was sufficient, benzidine-based dyes and MOCA were considered “probably” carcinogenic because of a high level of evidence in experimental animals.
An Outbreak of Cryptosporidium sp. Associated with a Public Swimming Pool
Meera Chand, John Holton in Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
A questionnaire was completed and stool samples were collected from the 11 children. In addition, other cases were sought by requesting local GPs, paediatricians, walk-in centres, and hospital microbiologists to report to GMHPU suspected cases of diarrhoea, vomiting, or both, that were potentially linked to the swimming pool, and to obtain a stool specimen if appropriate. Initial review of the questionnaires suggested that illness was linked to attendance at a training session at the pool on September 13. By September 28, three cases had submitted stool samples to the local microbiology laboratory and they tested positive for Cryptosporidium. The tests detected oocysts using fluorescent microscopy with auramine-phenol stain. These specimens were typed as Cryptosporidium hominis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Swansea. An outbreak was declared and an Outbreak Control Team (OCT) was convened with representatives from GMHPU, the City Council Environmental Health Department, regional epidemiology and microbiology services, the national Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, and local Public Health. An outbreak investigation followed.
Microbiology of the Autopsy
Julian L Burton, Guy Rutty in The Hospital Autopsy, 2010
Even when samples result in positive cultures, this may be insufficient to reach an overall diagnosis – and examination of tissue sections will often yield useful additional information. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections can be useful in staining bacteria and fungi as well as some viral inclusion bodies, which can be further assessed with special stains. Silver impregnation stains blacken all bacteria non-selectively including Legionella species and non-Gram-staining bacteria such as the spirochaetes and Bartonella species. Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) stain is the stain of choice for fungi. These stains may distort the normal morphology, but have the advantage of being more sensitive than tissue Gram stain, particularly with low numbers of organisms. If organisms are detected by silver impregnation stains, then further sections can be Gram stained to elucidate their morphology and Gram reaction. Mycobacterial species can be detected using acid-fast stains such as the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, or auramine–rhodamine fluorescence stains for greater sensitivity. Other stains include Giemsa for identification of protozoa, rickettsiae and chlamydiae, mucicarmine for Cryptococcus neoformans, and melanin for dematiaceous fungi (Mazuchowski and Meier, 2005).
New therapies versus first-generation biologic drugs in psoriasis: a review of adverse events and their management
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
J. M. Carrascosa, E. Del-Alcazar
No cases of acute TB or reactivation of LTBI have been reported in the clinical trials of secukinumab and ixekizumab [41,43], and in the case of secukinumab, no cases of TB were reported in the 12 months after treatment [63]. This low risk of TB reactivation during and after treatment with secukinumab in patients with a history of TB or treated LTBI is also supported by experimental in vitro studies. The effects of adalimumab and secukinumab on latent M. tuberculosis have been investigated in a novel human three-dimensional microgranuloma model. In vitro, adalimumab treatment showed increased staining for Auramine-O, decreased Nile red staining, and decreased rifampicin resistance, all signs indicative of mycobacterial reactivation. The results of treatment with secukinumab, by contrast, were comparable to the controls, indicating a lack of effect on the latency of M. tuberculosis [63]. Finally, no cases of TB reactivation or active TB have been reported in phase III trials of guselkumab [16,17], tildrakizumab [18], or brodalumab [20,21], or in phase II trials of risankizumab [19]. However, the impact of the new anti-IL-17A and anti-p19 agents on TB infection will only become clear in the coming years.
A comparison of the HAIN Genotype CM reverse hybridisation assay with the Bruker MicroFlex LT MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer for identification of clinically relevant mycobacterial species
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2020
JA O’Connor, B O’Reilly, GD Corcoran, J O’Mahony, B Lucey
The mycobacteria tested in the current study were from patient samples (N = 99) and from the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UKNEQAS) distributions (N = 18), respectively. All GenoType identifications of UKNEQAS isolates were consistent with expected results. All MTC isolates were referred to the Irish Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory (St James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland) for confirmation of Cork University Hospital laboratory identification. Following storage, and prior to testing with the MALDI-tof, all isolates were Gram-stained to ensure the absence of contaminating bacteria, and fluorescent-stained (Auramine-O) to confirm acid fastness. The identification of mycobacteria using the GenoType CM assay was conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction [7].
Use of Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra in extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Mirae Park, Onn Min Kon
In low resource settings, smear microscopy and auramine staining to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) remain the mainstay of TB diagnosis but the detection of less than 10,000 bacteria per milliliter (ml) is consistently difficult under microscopy. In high burden bacillary disease such as cavitatory TB, the sensitivity is around 50% but drops to 10–20% for paucibacillary disease [7,8]. Conventional smear microscopy results are usually available within 2 days. A diagnosis in smear-negative disease then requires techniques such as histological examination, microbiological culture, and molecular diagnostics which may be less accessible in resource-limited areas.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide
- Dye
- Ethanol
- Rhodamine B
- Mycobacterium
- Staining
- Acid-Fastness
- Mycolic Acid
- Ziehl–Neelsen Stain
- Schiff Test