Unmasking the Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Materials
Michael Pöschl, Leo M. L. Nollet in Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment, 2006
The major ICP-based methods are inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry (ICP-AFS), and ICP-MS. All these methods involve a sample being converted to an aerosol and transported into a plasma, which results in a unique vaporization, atomization, excitation, and ionization source for atomic emission and mass spectrometry [44]. In ICP-AES, the radiation emitted by the analyte is measured at characteristic wavelengths and this signal is used to identify and quantify the elements present. In ICP-MS, the tail of the plasma is extracted into a low-pressure interface and the ions focused and transmitted to a mass analyzer [45]. For ICP-AFS, a primary excitation source, such as a laser or cathode lamp, is used to excite atomic fluorescence from atomic and ionic analyte species [44].
Release of Nickel Ion from the Metal and Its Alloys as Cause of Nickel Allergy
Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach in Nickel and the Skin, 2019
The quality of the data reviewed represents state of the science at the time these studies were performed; subsequent advances in analytical chemistry and physical detection methods applicable to biological materials, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, permit highly reliable analyses of contamination and release concentrations down to the ppm and even to the ppb level for most heavy metals, including nickel. With the graded patch data now available, the ppm level is clinically relevant in terms of NAH elicitation (Andersen et al., 1993). Previous limitations can now be technically dealt with without the need to resort to nucleotides.
Analysis of Clinical Specimens Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine in Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
A typical ICP torch consists of three concentric quartz tubes surrounded by an induction coil, also called the load coil (Figure 6–1). The inner tube is used for sample introduction, whereas a tangential gas flow in the outer tube centers the plasma, as well as prevents the quartz torch from melting. The middle tube carries argon that forms the plasma. This flow is optional, because the other two argon flows can maintain the plasma. ICP was originally developed for atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), which used a vertical torch; but, in ICP/MS applications, a horizontal torch arrangement is adopted.
In vitro and in vivo characteristics of doxorubicin-loaded cyclodextrine-based polyester modified gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: a versatile targeted theranostic system for tumour chemotherapy and molecular resonance imaging
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Tohid Mortezazadeh, Elham Gholibegloo, Mehdi Khoobi, Nader Riyahi Alam, Soheila Haghgoo, Asghar Mesbahi
FTIR spectra of the prepared samples were obtained through a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Magna 550, Nicolet) at the wavelength range of 400–4000 cm−1. The crystal structure of Gd2O3@PCD-FA-DOX NPs was assessed by X-ray powder diffraction system (STOE Theta-Theta Powder Diffraction System). Ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectra were taken using Jasco-530 spectrophotometer at the wavelength range of 220–700 nm. Elemental analysis was determined by inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES (7900, Agilent). Hydrodynamic size distribution and zeta potential analyses were performed by Zeta-sizer (ZEN3600, Malvern) in deionised water at room temperature. Size and morphology of the dried samples were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, SEM (MIRAII and MIRAIII Tescan) and transmission electron microscopy, TEM (CM30, Philips) operating at 60 kV. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements were done by VSM, 7400 model (Lakeshore Cryotronics Inc., USA), with a maximum magnetic field of 10 kOe at 25 °C to evaluate the magnetic properties of the samples. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on the dried powder samples on the TGA Q50 thermogravimetric analyser of a TA instrument from room temperature to 800 °C in a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 under N2 flow. Phantom, in vitro, and in vivo MR imaging were performed by a 3.0 T MRI clinical scanner (Siemens Prisma MRI Scanner using head coil).
Albumin-bioinspired iridium oxide nanoplatform with high photothermal conversion efficiency for synergistic chemo-photothermal of osteosarcoma
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Wenguang Gu, Tao Zhang, Junsheng Gao, Yi Wang, Dejian Li, Ziwen Zhao, Bo Jiang, Zhiwei Dong, Hui Liu
The morphology of NPs was observed by JEOL-2100 transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL, Japan). UV-1800 Spectrophotometer was used to record UV-vis absorption spectra with a 1 cm cuvette (Shimadzu, Japan). An IR Prestige-21 spectrometer was used to record the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum (Shimadzu, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectras (XPS) were measured with EscaLab 250Xi electron spectrometer from VG Scientific using 300 W Al Kα radiations (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The hydrodynamic diameters and Zeta potential were conducted on Malvern Zetasizer Nanoseries (Nano ZS90, Malvern, UK). The content of Ir was detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Agilent Technologies). Thermal images were also captured with the TI100 infrared thermal imaging camera (FLK-TI100 9HZ, FLUKE).
An optimised spectrophotometric assay for convenient and accurate quantitation of intracellular iron from iron oxide nanoparticles
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Mohammad Hedayati, Bedri Abubaker-Sharif, Mohamed Khattab, Allen Razavi, Isa Mohammed, Arsalan Nejad, Michele Wabler, Haoming Zhou, Jana Mihalic, Cordula Gruettner, Theodore DeWeese, Robert Ivkov
ICP-MS is often considered as the gold standard to measure iron primarily because of high sensitivity – detection limits to parts per trillion (nanogram per litre) are possible. This is a lower detection threshold than achievable with other spectroscopic techniques such as ICP-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) or flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [13,15]. In addition to its high sensitivity, ICP-MS provides flexibility to detect multiple elements for simultaneous interrogation. To be fair, the detection limits possible with ICP-MS for iron quantification require specialised instrument configurations having octopole reaction cell/mass filter(s) to discriminate Fe from among the many possible polyatomic interferences; and, pristine sample preparation to avoid contamination with ubiquitous environmental Fe [30]. Thus, ICP-MS and other sensitive mass spectrometry technologies, although superior in many ways, demand significant financial investment to acquire and maintain the instrumentation, and to develop and maintain dedicated facility infrastructure.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atom
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Inductively Coupled Plasma
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
- Spectroscopy
- Analytical Chemistry
- Emission Spectrum
- Monochromator