Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Marine algae or seaweeds are a good nutritional source for iodine (250, 253, 263, 268–272). Seaweeds have the unique ability to concentrate iodine from the ocean, with certain types of brown seaweed accumulating over 30,000 times the iodine concentration of seawater (272). The genus Laminaria of brown algae is the strongest accumulator of iodine currently known and is a major emitter of both molecular iodine (I2) and iodinated organics (CH3I and CH2I2) into the atmosphere (268). These compounds (I2, CH3I and CH2I2) are thus considered a major carrier of gas phase iodine from the ocean to atmosphere, which in turn supplies iodine in precipitation to marine and terrestrial environments (271). The emission of these gasses from seaweeds also contributes to the destruction of the tropospheric ozone layer; an important link between ocean biology, atmospheric composition, and climate (268, 271–272).
Potential Impacts of Environmental Pollution on the Growth and Metabolism of Medicinal Plants
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Climate change, as defined by various environmental organizations and governmental agencies (IPCC 2007), is a measure of significant changes in climate, i.e. temperature, precipitation, or wind, over a prolonged period, for decades or even longer. Global warming refers to a rise in atmospheric temperature that can contribute to change in global climate patterns. This climate change over time may occur due to natural unpredictability or as a result of anthropogenic activities. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) definition, climate change is a change in climate, attributable directly or indirectly to human activity, that changes atmospheric composition. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a global average temperature rise of 4.2°C towards the end of the twenty-first century.
Event Attribution: Linking Specific Extreme Events to Human-Caused Climate Change
Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Yulia R. Gel, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Thomas J. Miller, Nathaniel K. Newlands, Adam B. Smith in Evaluating Climate Change Impacts, 2020
A detailed analysis of event attribution methodologies was recently published by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS, 2016), and it explores in greater detail different approaches as well as their strengths and weaknesses for certain applications. In general, most event attribution analysis employ the widely accepted technique of calculating the fraction of attributable risk (FAR) for the event, a statistical approach borrowed from epidemiology and public health. FAR is defined by the equation: P1 is the probability of a climatic event (such as a heat wave) occurring in the presence of anthropogenic climate change. This is the world we live in today and the event's probability is established by models that can often be validated against observations. P0 is the probability of the event occurring if anthropogenic climate change had not been present in the world, or to some other baseline “pre-industrial” climate. This alternative world is based on model runs of a “control” world that only include natural forcing mechanisms and ignore the changes to atmospheric composition driven by human greenhouse gas emissions. By comparing the probability of the event in the world that is with a world that might have been, the change in event probability can be quantified.
CRISPR/Cas: from adaptive immune system in prokaryotes to therapeutic weapon against immune-related diseases
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
Juan Esteban Garcia-Robledo, María Claudia Barrera, Gabriel J. Tobón
The biosphere as it exists today is the result of interactions among chemical elements, environmental conditions, and the evolution of various life forms over the past several billion years [1, 2]. The earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago [3], and since its creation has undergone marked changes in geology and atmospheric composition [4], most importantly the rise of atmospheric oxygen, known as “The Great Oxidation Event” (GOE) [5] concomitant with the appearance of the first photosynthetic organisms, the oceanic cyanobacteria, about 2.3 billion years ago [6]. Eukaryotic organisms emerged later, about 1.7–2.7 billion years ago, according to paleontological records [7, 8]. The most widely accepted hypothesis on the evolutionary progression from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes posits that GOE exerted positive evolutionary pressure on archaea due to the development of potentially damaging reactive oxygen species, driving the selection of species capable of conserving the integrity of their metabolic pathways and genetic information via the development of membrane-bound intracellular compartments such as the cell nucleus [9].
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